WTO | News - WTO adopts disciplines on domestic regulation for the accountancy sector

The disciplines now adopted, in addition to transparency requirements and other general provisions, contain provisions on the administration of licensing requirements, qualification requirements and procedures, and technical standard for the accountancy profession. A key provision is the general requirement that measures taken for these purposes should not be more trade-restrictive than is necessary to fulfil a legitimate objective. Examples of legitimate objectives specified in the Disciplines are the protection of consumers (including all users of accounting services and the public generally), ensuring the quality of the service, ensuring professional competence, and ensuring the integrity of the profession. The disciplines relate to measures taken by governments and to those taken by non-governmental authorities exercising delegated powers: in many countries the accountancy profession is regulated by professional associations operating under delegated powers.

The disciplines will not have immediate legal effect. WTO Members, as stated in today's Decision on Disciplines Relating to the Accountancy Sector, will continue their work on domestic regulation in the context of the Working Party on Professional Services (WPPS), aiming to develop general disciplines for professional services while retaining the possibility to develop additional sectoral disciplines. Before the end of the forthcoming round of services negotiations, which commence in January 2000, all the disciplines developed by the WPPS are to be integrated into the GATS and will then become legally binding. Today's decision by the Council includes a “standstill provision”, effective immediately, under which all WTO Members, including those without GATS commitments in the accountancy sector, agree, to the fullest extent consistent with their existing legislation, not to take measures which would be inconsistent with the accountancy disciplines.

Notes to Editor

The disciplines (attached) were created in accordance with the mandate of Article VI:4 of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), which states that the Council for Trade in Services shall develop "any necessary disciplines" to ensure that measures relating to qualification requirements and procedures, technical standards and licensing requirements "do not constitute unnecessary barriers to trade in services".

Accountancy is generally defined in the WTO context to include accounting, auditing and bookkeeping services. Members, subject to negotiations with trading partners, have the right to specify commitments in all or any part of these services within their GATS schedules.

The Disciplines apply only to measures not subject to scheduling under GATS Articles XVI and XVII. The excluded measures, which restrict access to the domestic market or limit the application of national treatment to foreign suppliers, are addressed in the GATS through the negotiation and scheduling of specific commitments.

Disciplines on domestic regulation in the accountancy sector

OBJECTIVES

Having regard to the Ministerial Decision on Professional Services, Members have agreed to the following disciplines elaborating upon the provisions of the GATS relating to domestic regulation of the sector. The purpose of these disciplines is to facilitate trade in accountancy services by ensuring that domestic regulations affecting trade in accountancy services meet the requirements of Article VI:4 of the GATS. The disciplines therefore do not address measures subject to scheduling under Articles XVI and XVII of the GATS, which restrict access to the domestic market or limit the application of national treatment to foreign suppliers. Such measures are addressed in the GATS through the negotiation and scheduling of specific commitments.

GENERAL PROVISIONS
Members shall ensure that measures not subject to scheduling under Articles XVI or XVII of the GATS, relating to licensing requirements and procedures, technical standards and qualification requirements and procedures are not prepared, adopted or applied with a view to or with the effect of creating unnecessary barriers to trade in accountancy services. For this purpose, Members shall ensure that such measures are not more trade-restrictive than necessary to fulfil a legitimate objective. Legitimate objectives are, inter alia, the protection of consumers (which includes all users of accounting services and the public generally), the quality of the service, professional competence, and the integrity of the profession.
TRANSPARENCY
Members shall make publicly available, including through the enquiry and contact points established under Articles III and IV of the GATS, the names and addresses of competent authorities (i.e. governmental or non-governmental entities responsible for the licensing of professionals or firms, or accounting regulations).

Members shall make publicly available, or shall ensure that their competent authorities make publicly available, including through the enquiry and contact points:
1. where applicable, information describing the activities and professional titles which are regulated or which must comply with specific technical standards;
  
  requirements and procedures to obtain, renew or retain any licences or professional qualifications and the competent authorities' monitoring arrangements for ensuring compliance;
  
  information on technical standards; and
  
  upon request, confirmation that a particular professional or firm is licensed to practise within their jurisdiction.
Members shall inform another Member, upon request, of the rationale behind domestic regulatory measures in the accountancy sector, in relation to legitimate objectives as referred to in paragraph 2.

When introducing measures which significantly affect trade in accountancy services, Members shall endeavour to provide opportunity for comment, and give consideration to such comments, before adoption.

Details of procedures for the review of administrative decisions, as provided for by Article VI:2 of the GATS, shall be made public, including the prescribed time-limits, if any, for requesting such a review.
LICENSING REQUIREMENTS
Licensing requirements (i.e. the substantive requirements, other than qualification requirements, to be satisfied in order to obtain or renew an authorization to practice) shall be pre-established, publicly available and objective.

Where residency requirements not subject to scheduling under Article XVII of the GATS exist, Members shall consider whether less trade restrictive means could be employed to achieve the purposes for which these requirements were set, taking into account costs and local conditions.

Where membership of a professional organisation is required, in order to fulfil a legitimate objective in accordance with paragraph 2, Members shall ensure that the terms for membership are reasonable, and do not include conditions or pre-conditions unrelated to the fulfilment of such an objective. Where membership of a professional organization is required as a prior condition for application for a licence (i.e. an authorization to practice), the period of membership imposed before the application may be submitted shall be kept to a minimum.

Members shall ensure that the use of firm names is not restricted, save in fulfilment of a legitimate objective.

Members shall ensure that requirements regarding professional indemnity insurance for foreign applicants take into account any existing insurance coverage, in so far as it covers activities in its territory or the relevant jurisdiction in its territory and is consistent with the legislation of the host Member.

Fees charged by the competent authorities shall reflect the administrative costs involved, and shall not represent an impediment in themselves to practising the relevant activity. This shall not preclude the recovery of any additional costs of verification of information, processing and examinations. A concessional fee for applicants from developing countries may be considered.
LICENSING PROCEDURES
Licensing procedures (i.e. the procedures to be followed for the submission and processing of an application for an authorization to practise) shall be pre-established, publicly available and objective, and shall not in themselves constitute a restriction on the supply of the service.

Application procedures and the related documentation shall be not more burdensome than necessary to ensure that applicants fulfil qualification and licensing requirements. For example, competent authorities shall not require more documents than are strictly necessary for the purpose of licensing, and shall not impose unreasonable requirements regarding the format of documentation. Where minor errors are made in the completion of applications, applicants shall be given the opportunity to correct them. The establishment of the authenticity of documents shall be sought through the least burdensome procedure and, wherever possible, authenticated copies should be accepted in place of original documents.

Members shall ensure that the receipt of an application is acknowledged promptly by the competent authority, and that applicants are informed without undue delay in cases where the application is incomplete. The competent authority shall inform the applicant of the decision concerning the completed application within a reasonable time after receipt, in principle within six months, separate from any periods in respect of qualification procedures referred to below.

On request, an unsuccessful applicant shall be informed of the reasons for rejection of the application. An applicant shall be permitted, within reasonable limits, to resubmit applications for licensing.

A licence, once granted, shall enter into effect immediately, in accordance with the terms and conditions specified therein.
QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
A Member shall ensure that its competent authorities take account of qualifications acquired in the territory of another Member, on the basis of equivalency of education, experience and/or examination requirements.

The scope of examinations and of any other qualification requirements shall be limited to subjects relevant to the activities for which authorization is sought. Qualification requirements may include education, examinations, practical training, experience and language skills.

Members note the role which mutual recognition agreements can play in facilitating the process of verification of qualifications and/or in establishing equivalency of education.
. QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES
Verification of an applicant's qualifications acquired in the territory of another Member shall take place within a reasonable time-frame, in principle within six months and, where applicants' qualifications fall short of requirements, shall result in a decision which identifies additional qualifications, if any, to be acquired by the applicant.

Examinations shall be scheduled at reasonably frequent intervals, in principle at least once a year, and shall be open for all eligible applicants, including foreign and foreign-qualified applicants. Applicants shall be allowed a reasonable period for the submission of applications. Fees charged by the competent authorities shall reflect the administrative costs involved, and shall not represent an impediment in themselves to practising the relevant activity. This shall not preclude the recovery of any additional costs of verification of information, processing and examinations. A concessional fee for applicants from developing countries may be considered.

Residency requirements not subject to scheduling under Article XVII of the GATS shall not be required for sitting examinations.
TECHNICAL STANDARDS
Members shall ensure that measures relating to technical standards are prepared, adopted and applied only to fulfil legitimate objectives.

In determining whether a measure is in conformity with the obligations under paragraph 2, account shall be taken of internationally recognized standards of relevant international organizations(1) applied by that Member.

(1) The term “relevant international organizations” refers to international bodies whose membership is open to the relevant bodies of at least all Members of the WTO.