I
Iceland, Enabling Clause notifications, special treatment of least-developed countries GATT 79
identification of specific measures (DSU 6.2) TRIMs 23, AD 898, DSU 94, 209–301
availability of public information regarding measure, relevance DSU 234
case-by-case approach DSU 209, 211, 220, 240
discretion in identifying, desirability DSU 200
establishment of existence of measures distinguished DSU 188
exclusion of measure included in request for establishment DSU 374
identification of each challenged measure DSU 189
identification of industry, need for DSU 233
identification of “measures” (DSU 4.4) distinguished DSU 157
identification of product, need for DSU 226–32
identification within narrative of request requirement DSU 222
“identify”, sufficiency of
“among others” DSU 224
expedited sunset review, treatment as subsidiary of closely related measure DSU 217
numbers of measures and places of promulgation DSU 216
reference to an EC Regulation or to the “EC regime” DSU 218, 237–8
reference to general measure DSU 211, 222, 223
reference to instruments implementing challenged measures DSU 214, 215
identity with specific measure the subject of consultations, relevance SCM 202–3, DSU 142–5, 206
“scope” of consultations and DSU 147
inclusion of measure, sufficiency for inclusion in terms of reference (DSU 7) DSU 374
inclusion of reference to WTO obligation DSU 185, 219
jurisdictional issues distinguished DSU 200
legal basis of claim distinguished DSU 220
omission of measure
exclusion from terms of reference (DSU 7) DSU 375
good faith assumption that it was not being challenged DSU 213, 222
recommendations of panel/DSB (DSU 19.2), effect AD 954–5, DSU 353, 394
“attendant circumstances”, relevance DSU 240
preliminary ruling on DSU 236–7, 239–40, 344, 345
provided information in conjunction with introductory paragraph DSU 239
security and predictability of WTO obligations (DSU 3.2) and DSU 224
substance of WTO obligation being violated, relevance DSU 185, 219
IF Trust Fund: see Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to least-developed countries (IF)
ILC Articles, status as “rule” of international law, 17.1588, 17.1599–600: see also international law/ “relevant rules of international law” (VCLT 31(3)(c)) with particular reference to the interpretation of covered agreements (DSU 3(2))
Illustrative List of Export Subsidies (SCM Annex I)
export credit guarantee or insurance (item (j))
assessment of adequacy to cover SCM 623–6
as contextual guidance SCM 615–17
“export credit guarantee … programmes” SCM 618
“inadequate to cover” SCM 620
“long-term” SCM 620
“operating costs and losses” SCM 622
“premiums” SCM 619
export credits at rates below actual cost of funds so employed (item (k)) SCM 627–65
as affirmative defence under SCM 3.1(a) SCM 636, 647, 653
“benefit” (SCM 1.1(b)) and SCM 94–5
burden of proof SCM 627, 653–5, 656, 661
Commercial Interest Reference Rate (CIRR), relevance SCM 632–5
“export credit” SCM 628
“in the field of export credit terms” SCM 638
“used to secure a material advantage” SCM 627, 630, 631
“material” SCM 631
offset of advantage, sufficiency to prohibit measure (items (e)-(i)) SCM 603
“provision … through government-mandated schemes … on terms more favourable …” (item (d)) SCM 602
relationship with SCM 3.1(a), determination by footnote 5 SCM 632
remission or deferral of direct taxes (item (e))
deferral not amounting to export subsidy (footnote 59) SCM 158
third and fourth sentences as remedies SCM 160
“safe haven” (international undertaking (item (k), second paragraph))
as affirmative defence under SCM 3.1(a) SCM 656
Canadian Policy Guideline SCM 652
“export credit practice” SCM 644–7
“interest rates provisions” SCM 648–9
legislation as such (mandatory/discretionary distinction) SCM 662–4
matching derogation, permissibility SCM 657–61
OECD Arrangement SCM 639–41, 642–3
qualification for inclusion under, requirements SCM 637
“successor undertaking” SCM 640–1
social welfare charges (item (e)) footnote 59, relevance SCM 97–8, 158–60
analysis of TRIMs status of measure (TRIMs 1) and TRIMs 4
local content requirements (Item 1) TRIMs 4
national treatment (GATT III:4) and: see national treatment regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4) see also under TRIMs and Illustrative List
QRs (GATT XI:1) and GATT 409 n. 596, 425, 627–9, 646, TRIMs 15–16
tax and customs duty benefits (para. 1(a)) TRIMs 10–11
IMF/WTO relationship (WTO III:5)
see also World Bank/WTO relationship (WTO III:5)
Agreement (1996)
as fulfilment of WTO mandate to cooperate as appropriate with IMF WTO 46
Members’ rights and obligations under IMF and WTO Agreements, effect on WTO 46
conflict or inconsistency between, resolution WTO 46
observer status WTO 45
annual reports WTO 51
consultations and exchange of information, WTO panels and WTO 47
Declaration on Coherence in Global Economic Policymaking (1994)
adoption WTO 42
informal meetings on coherence issues at request of delegations or Director-General WTO 49
joint report on Coherence WTO 48
exceptions to non-discriminatory administration of QRs (GATT XIV) and GATT 692
panel’s right to seek information from (DSU 13.1) DSU 753
implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings, surveillance (DSU 21)
see also “reasonable period” for implementation of recommendations and rulings (Article 21.3(c) arbitrations); review of implementation of DSB rulings (DSU 21.5)
ad hoc procedural agreements, appointment of panellist DSU 1171
Article 22.6 panel’s right of review DSU 1176
as precedent DSU 1016
choice of means at authorities’ discretion (DSU 21.3), 17.972, 17.983–4:
good faith obligation, whether DSU 105
prompt compliance (DSU 21.1)
adoption of report, obligation to begin implementation following DSU 1004–5
judicial economy and DSU 653
modification of underlying economic or social conditions distinguished DSU 997–1000
“recommendations and rulings” DSU 1006, 1148
review: see review of implementation of DSB rulings (DSU 21.5)
surveillance mechanisms DSU 985
suspension of WTO-inconsistent measure during “reasonable period of time”, need for DSU 1095–6
tables, Article 21.3(b) agreements DSU 1017
implementation of panel or AB recommendations (DSU 19.1)
see also implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings, surveillance (DSU 21); “reasonable period” for implementation of recommendations and rulings (Article 21.3(c) arbitrations)
“bring the measure into conformity with”, “measure” for purposes of DSU 966
choice of means at authorities’ discretion (DSU 21.3) DSU 1108–9
identification of specific measures (DSU 6.2), (DSU 6.2) and AD 954–5, DSU 353, 394
measure terminated in course of proceedings/no longer in existence DSU 931–40
recommendation to implement measure inconsistent with agreement, exclusion DSU 930, 931–2
mechanisms, absence DSU 985
panel’s decision not to make suggestions DSU 967–82
panel’s discretionary suggestions DSU 948–66, 986
subsequent proceedings/continuance of recommendations DSU 943–7, 1147
annual reports (LIC 7.4) LIC 35, 47
establishment WTO 93
procedural and institutional duplication, decision on avoidance of (2 May 1995) LIC 48
rules of procedure (1995) WTO 94, LIC 34–5
Understanding on Procedures for the Review of Notifications (1996) LIC 36
see also developing countries’ economic development purposes/ financial and trade needs (LIC 1.2); notification obligations (LIC 1.4 and 5)
conformity with GATT principles and obligations requirement (LIC Preamble and 1.2) LIC 1, 3
continuity of terminology between 1979 and 1994 LIC LIC 7
single undertaking principle, effect LIC 7
export performance, relevance (LIC 3.5(j)) LIC 12–13, 30–1
national treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4) and GATT 359, TRIMs 6
neutrality in application and administration in a fair and equitable manner (LIC 1.3) LIC 12–13
administration in a uniform, impartial and reasonable manner (GATT X:3(a)), equivalence GATT 594, LIC 12
non-automatic import licensing (LIC 3)
GATT II(1)(b) and LIC 32
newcomer provision (LIC 3.5(j)) LIC 29
small quantities, allocation in respect of (LIC 3.5(i)) LIC 29
transparency and predictability requirement (LIC 3.5(a)) LIC 23–4
over-quota trade, applicability to LIC 1, 3
rules and procedures distinguished LIC 4–6, 13
speculation in licences (LIC 3.5(h) and (j)) LIC 27
tariff quota procedures, applicability to LIC 2
use of “restriction” in LIC 3.2 and 3.3, relevance LIC 2
trade-restrictive or trade-distortive effects, avoidance (LIC 1.2 and 3.2) LIC 3, 9
transparency and predictability requirement (LIC Preamble) LIC 1, 15
frequent changes to rules and LIC 15
non-automatic import licensing (LIC 3) and LIC 23–4
Import Licensing Procedures Agreement (LIC)
relationship with 1979 Agreement LIC 48
reservations (LIC 8.1) WTO 297, LIC 50–1
review of implementation and operation (LIC 7)
annual questionnaire (LIC 7.3), replies to LIC 42–6
biennial reviews (LIC 7.1 and 7.2) LIC 41
procedures for LIC 42
termination LIC 49
income tax, marketing cost, whether AG 108
Independent Entity (IE) (PSI 4)
annual reports PSI 19
constitution (IFIA/ICC) (PSI 4(a)) PSI 17
cost of proceedings PSI 20, 21
exporters’ reluctance to use PSI 20
immunities PSI 18
independent review procedures
2005 (Alcatel — SGS) PSI 21
2006 (Alcatel — SGS) PSI 14–15, 21
list of experts (PSI 4(b)) PSI 19
rules of procedure WTO 95, PSI 18
status including structure and functions (General Council Decision of 13 and 15 December 1995) PSI 18
India — Additional Import Duties (AB), WT/DS360/AB/R GATT 137
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions, as a whole/holistic/harmonious exercise GATT 159
relationships within and between agreements, GATT II:1(b)/GATT II:2(a) GATT 158
Schedules of Concessions (GATT II)
“charge equivalent to an internal tax”(GATT II:2(a)) GATT 159–60
burden of proof GATT 160
“other duties or charges” (ODCs) (GATT II:1(b)) GATT 149
India — Additional Import Duties (Panel), WT/DS360/R GATT 137
India — Autos (AB), WT/DS146/AB/R, WT/DS175/AB/R, DSR 2002:V
judicial economy, order of analysis and DSU 648
order of analysis, judicial economy and DSU 648
withdrawal of appeal (ABWP 30), simple withdrawal DSU 1468
India — Autos (Panel), WT/DS146/R and Corr.1, WT/DS175/R and Corr.1, DSR 2002:V
balance of payments difficulties, developing countries’ right to take import measures (GATT XVIII:B), burden of proof, prima facie case GATT 761
exchange arrangements (IMF/WTO) (GATT XV), consultations (GATT XV:2), dispute settlement and GATT 702
Illustrative List (TRIMs 2.2), quantitative restrictions (GATT XI:1) and GATT 409 n. 596, 425, TRIMs 15–16
implementation of panel or AB recommendations (DSU 19.1) DSU 929
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions, dictionaries GATT 356, 357
judicial economy, prior decision on another point rendering discussion otiose TRIMs 16
legal basis of claim / “claim” / “matter referred”(DSU 6.2/7.1), clarification of claim during proceedings DSU 349
lex specialis/presumption against treaty conflicts
General Interpretative Note (WTO Annex 1A) DSU 22
possibilities of conflict considered by panel/AB, GATT/TRIMs DSU 1722
“like product” (GATT III:2 and III:4), relevant factors, nationality of producer or origin of product (“hypothetical” like products) GATT 338
national treatment, general principle (GATT III:1), applicability, measures imposed at the time or point of importation (“internal measures”) (Ad Article), QRs (GATT XI) distinguished GATT 408
national treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4)
“affecting” GATT 361
nature of advantage, relevance GATT 361
“laws, regulations or requirements”
non-mandatory measures GATT 353
TRIMs and GATT 409 n. 596, 425–6, TRIMs 15–16
order of analysis
GATT/TRIMs DSU 1722
specific/general provision GATT 425–6
preliminary rulings (procedural aspects), absence of requirement/ established practice DSU 349
quantitative restrictions, elimination (GATT XI)
GATT III and GATT 408–9, 408–9
“prohibition or restriction” (GATT XI:1)
“restriction” GATT 600–600bis
trade balancing condition GATT 616
relationships within and between agreements
GATT III:4/TRIMs 2 GATT 409 n. 596, 425–6, TRIMs 15–16
GATT XI:1/TRIMs 2 GATT 426, TRIMs 15–16
GATT XI:1/TRIMs Illustrative List GATT 409 n. 596, 425, TRIMs 15–16
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU 11), “objective assessment of matter before it”, events during proceedings, exclusion from panel’s considerations DSU 941
TRIMs Agreement, quantitative measures (GATT XI and) GATT 409 n. 596, 425, TRIMs 15–16
India — Patents (EC) (Panel), WT/DS79/R, DSR 1998:VI
competence of panels and AB (DSU 3.2/DSU 11/DSU 17)
“clarification of existing provisions” DSU 1708
ex aequo et bono jurisdiction, exclusion DSU 1708
not to add to or diminish rights and obligations (DSU 3.2/19.2) DSU 1708
ex aequo et bono jurisdiction DSU 1708
intellectual property rights, enforcement (TRIPS Part III), “shall have the authority” (TRIPS 43–8) TRIPS 226
international law / “relevant rules of international law” (VCLT 31(3)(c)) with particular reference to the interpretation of covered agreements (DSU 3(2)), ex aequo et bono jurisdiction DSU 1708
legal status of panel reports, reports on same subject-matter in parallel proceedings DSU 823
multiple complainants (DSU 9)
single panel “whenever feasible” (DSU 9.1) DSU 444
ordinary meaning DSU 444
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered agreements
“original panel” (DSU 10.4/DSU 21.5/DSU 22.6) DSU 475
“whenever feasible” (DSU 9.1) DSU 444
precedent, security and predictability of WTO obligations (DSU 3.2) and DSU 823
security and predictability of WTO obligations (DSU 3.2), precedent/AB jurisprudence, need to follow DSU 823
third party rights (DSU 10 and Appendix 3), submission to original panel (DSU 10.4) DSU 475
India — Patents (US) (AB), WT/DS50/AB/R, DSR 1998:I
AB procedures (DSU 17.9 and ABWP), due process and DSU 1366
competence of panels and AB (DSU 3.2/DSU 11/DSU 17), not to add to or diminish rights and obligations (DSU 3.2/19.2) DSU 1551
consultations (DSU 4)
disclosure obligation DSU 138, 303
obligation to disclose information DSU 138
consultations (SCM 4.1–4), object and purpose, clarification and development of the facts of the situation/mutually agreed solution (SCM 4.3) SCM 194
developing countries (TRIPS), right to delay application (TRIPS 65) TRIPS 186
disclosure obligation, consultations (DSU 4) DSU 138, 303, 675
dispute settlement (TRIPS 64)
DSU, applicability (DSU 1.1) DSU 4
non-violation and situation complaints, moratorium DSU 1551
domestic law
as evidence of
compliance with international obligations DSU 526
Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia DSU 526
interpretation of legislation distinguished DSU 526
state practice DSU 526
as fact for purposes of international adjudication DSU 526
DSU, applicability
covered agreements (DSU 1.1/DSU 7.2)
DSU DSU 4
DSU (as covered agreement) DSU 4
TRIPS Agreement DSU 4
due process (dispute settlement proceedings)
panel working procedures, need for DSU 579, 622 n. 1015, 671
prejudice to party, relevance DSU 675
intellectual property rights, availability, scope and use (TRIPS Part II)
exclusive marketing rights obligations (TRIPS 70.9) TRIPS 314–15
existing rights, applicability to (TRIPS 70.2), obligation to provide means for filing applications relating to delayed application of TRIPS 27 (TRIPS 70.8) TRIPS 312–13
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
effectiveness principle (ut res magis valeat quam pereat/effet utile), meaning to be attributed to every word and phrase WTO 19
legitimate expectations (including GATT II:5 provisions) DSU 1551
object and purpose, TRIPS TRIPS 1
text/plain language (VCLT 31(2)) DSU 1551
judicial economy, discretionary nature DSU 640
legal basis of claim / “claim” / “matter referred” (DSU 6.2/7.1)
arguments distinguished DSU 303, 327
clarification of claim during proceedings DSU 327
identification of treaty provisions DSU 310
“including but not necessarily limited to” DSU 310
summary “sufficient to present the problem clearly” DSU 303
margin of discretion [in accordance with due process] (panel) (DSU 12.1 and Appendix 3)
establishment of working procedures DSU 409, 667, 673 n. 1103, 683
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b)), “benefit” /legitimate expectation of improved market access as DSU 1551
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b)) (DSU 26.1), remedies (DSU 26.1(b)) DSU 1352
patents (TRIPS part II Section 5), existing subject matter, applicability to (TRIPS 70), patent protection (TRIPS 27) and TRIPS 186
relationships within and between agreements, TRIPS 27/TRIPS 70.8 TRIPS 186
request for establishment of panel, requirements (DSU 6.2),
disclosure of all relevant information DSU 303
special or additional procedures (panel) (DSU 12.1), margin of discretion DSU 683
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU 11), “objective assessment of matter before it”, independent assessment of domestic law DSU 526
terms of reference of panels (DSU 7)
consideration of issues outside terms of reference, exclusion DSU 408–9
as definition of jurisdiction/legal claims at issue, specific legal claim included in terms of reference, limitation of jurisdiction to DSU 408–9
TRIPS Agreement
object and purpose, effective and adequate protection of intellectual property rights TRIPS 1
obligations (TRIPS 1), implementation obligation (TRIPS 1.1), freedom to choose method TRIPS 7
India — Patents (US) (Panel), WT/DS50/R, DSR 1998:I
developing countries (TRIPS)
exclusive marketing rights (TRIPS 70.9), right to delay application (TRIPS 65.2) TRIPS 293
national treatment (TRIPS 3), right to delay application (TRIPS 65.2) TRIPS 292
pharmaceutical and agricultural chemical products, patent protection (TRIPS 70.8), right to delay (TRIPS 65.2) TRIPS 293
right to delay application (TRIPS 65) TRIPS 288–9
dispute settlement (TRIPS 64), DSU, applicability (DSU 1.1) DSU 1551
IGOs, panel’s right to seek information from DSU 753
implementation of panel or AB recommendations (DSU 19.1)
panel’s decision not to make suggestions DSU 967
panel’s discretionary suggestions DSU 954
intellectual property rights, availability, scope and use (TRIPS Part II)
exclusive marketing rights obligations (TRIPS 70.9) TRIPS 315
developing countries, right to delay application (TRIPS 65.2) TRIPS 293
existing subject matter, applicability to (TRIPS 70), transitional arrangements (TRIPS 65) and TRIPS 292–3
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
object and purpose, preamble as evidence of TRIPS 1
preamble of agreement under consideration as aid TRIPS 1
relationships within and between agreements
TRIPS 65/TRIPS 70.8 TRIPS 292
TRIPS 65/TRIPS 70.9 TRIPS 293
TRIPS Agreement, transitional arrangements (TRIPS 65), procedural nature TRIPS 289
India — Quantitative Restrictions (AB), WT/DS90/AB/R, DSR 1999:V
balance of payments difficulties, developing countries’ right to take import measures (GATT XVIII:B)
change in development policy, exclusion of requirement for (GATT XVIII:9), macroeconomic policy instruments and structural measures distinguished GATT 775
competence of panel to examine justification GATT 755–9, 776
progressive relaxation obligation (GATT XVIII:11), Ad Note (removal of restrictions and recurrence of one of GATT XVIII:9 conditions)
burden of proof GATT 768
temporal sequence (“thereupon produce”) GATT 773–4
balance of payments restrictions, GATT XVIII:B, DSU, applicability to disputes relating to DSU 10
Balance of Payments Understanding (BOP)
DSU, applicability (BOB Understanding footnote 1) GATT 755–9
preparatory work, absence of GATT 755
burden of proof (general rules)
allocation, requirement to indicate DSU 553
prima facie case requirement, explicit finding, relevance
expert evidence, independent assessment by panel DSU 538
government assistance to economic development (GATT XVIII), dispute settlement (GATT XXIII), applicability to GATT 755–7
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b)), nullification or impairment, need for, government assistance to economic development (GATT XVIII) and GATT 755–7
preparatory work (VCLT 32), BOP Understanding footnote 1 GATT 755, DSU 1640
special or additional rules and procedures (DSU 1.2 and Appendix 2), arrangements considered for classification as, BOP DSU 10
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU 11)
balance of payments measures (BOP Understanding footnote 1) GATT 755–9
“objective assessment of matter before it”, expert evidence, panel’s obligation to make independent assessment DSU 538
India — Quantitative Restrictions (Panel), WT/DS90/R, DSR 1999:V
anti-dumping and countervailing duties (GATT VI) including interrelationship with AD Agreement, separability of AD and GATT VI GATT 493
balance of payments difficulties, developing countries’ right to take import measures (GATT XVIII:B) GATT 653, 754
adequacy to forestall the threat of or stop a serious decline in monetary reserves (GATT XVIII:9(a)) GATT 764–5
IMF information as evidence of GATT 763
burden of proof GATT 760
change in development policy, exclusion of requirement for (GATT XVIII:9 and Ad Note), burden of proof GATT 760
justification (GATT XVIII:9)
Ad Note GATT XVIII:11 and GATT 770–4
critical date for evaluation by panel GATT 763
phase out, right to in absence of balance of payments difficulties (GATT XVIII:12(c)) GATT 759, 777, 782
progressive relaxation obligation (GATT XVIII:11)
General Council/BOB Committee role (GATT XVIII:12(c)) GATT 758–9
“gradual relaxation” GATT 771
progressive relaxation obligation (GATT XVIII:11), Ad Note (removal of restrictions and recurrence of one of GATT XVIII:9 conditions) GATT 770–4
causal relationship (“would produce”) GATT 773
threat of return, sufficiency GATT 771
right (GATT XVIII:2) GATT 754
balance of payments restrictions (GATT XII), developing countries’ right to take measures (GATT XVIII:B) distinguished GATT 650, 653, 754
Balance of Payments Understanding (BOP)
status in relation to GATT XII and XVIII:B GATT 493, 779, DSU 10
time-schedule (paras. 1 and 13) GATT 759, 782, 789
burden of proof (general rules)
onus probandi actori incumbit GATT 768
prima facie case requirement GATT 598
change in development policy, exclusion of requirement for (GATT XVIII:9 and Note Ad), burden of proof GATT 768–9
consultations (DSU 4), developing countries and (DSU 4.10), extension of periods agreed under DSU 4.7 and 4.8 (DSU 12.10) DSU 713
developing countries (WTO Preamble), “positive efforts” WTO 5
dispute settlement, special provisions relating to developing countries, requirement for specific indication of form in which account has been taken of special needs (DSU 12.11) DSU 716
Enabling Clause (EC), as “positive effort” (WTO Preamble) WTO 5
exchange arrangements (IMF) (GATT XV), consultations (GATT XV:2), DSU 13.1 consultations and GATT 701, DSU 753
exchange arrangements (IMF/WTO) (GATT XV), consultations (GATT XV:2), dispute settlement and, IMF findings, status GATT 704
government assistance to economic development (GATT XVIII)
balance of payments (GATT XVIII) and GATT 653, 754
dispute settlement (GATT XXIII), applicability to GATT 755–7
IMF/WTO relationship (WTO III:5), panel’s right to seek information from (DSU 13.1) DSU 753
implementation of panel or AB recommendations (DSU 19.1), panel’s discretionary suggestions DSU 956
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions, “special meaning” (VCLT 31(4)) DSU 1606
legal basis of claim / “claim” / “matter referred” (DSU 6.2/7.1), evidence to support claim distinguished DSU 410
licensing requirement, as quantitative restriction (GATT XI:1) GATT 612
market access, measures required to be converted into ordinary customs duties (AG 4.2 and footnote 1), measures excepted from requirement (footnote 1) AG 65
modification of schedules (GATT XXVIII), applicability of GATT XI and GATT 598
multiple authentic languages, interpretation (VCLT 33), meaning which best reconciles texts (VCLT 33(4)) DSU 1657
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b)), nullification or impairment, need for, government assistance to economic development (GATT XVIII) and GATT 755–7
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered agreements, “restriction” (GATT XI:1) GATT 600
quantitative restrictions, elimination (GATT XI)
burden of proof GATT 598
GATT XIII and GATT 685 n. 960
“prohibition or restriction” (GATT XI:1)
licensing requirements GATT 612
“restriction” GATT 600–1, 600–600bis
restriction, as “limiting condition” GATT 600–600bis
“restriction”, ordinary meaning GATT 600
restrictions on imports by particular persons GATT 618
“restrictions made effective through state-trading organizations” (Ad Articles XI, XI, XIII, XIV and XVIII) GATT 621, 648, 792
relationships within and between agreements
GATT XI/GATT XIII GATT 685 n. 960
GATT XII and XVIII:B/BOP GATT 493, 779, DSU 10
GATT XII/GATT XVIII:B GATT 653, 754, 793
GATT XVIII:9(a)/GATT XVIII:9(b) GATT 764
State trading enterprises (STEs) (GATT XVII)
quantitative restrictions (GATT XI:1) GATT 621
“quantitative restrictions made effective through state-trading organizations” (Ad Articles XI, XI, XIII, XIV and XVIII) GATT 621, 792
terms of reference of panels (DSU 7)
consideration of issues outside terms of reference, exclusion DSU 410
material used in defence distinguished DSU 410
WTO Agreement, preamble, developing countries and trade WTO 4–7
Indonesia — Autos (Panel), WT/DS54/R and Corr.1, 2, 3, 4, WT/ DS55/R and Corr.1, 2, 3, 4, WT/DS64/R and Corr.1, 2, 3, 4, DSR 1998:VI
adverse effects (SCM 5), obligation to remove adverse threats or withdraw subsidy (SCM 7.8) SCM 327
burden of proof (general rules), SCM provisions, “serious prejudice” (SCM 27.8) SCM 568
composition of delegation
legal representation/private counsel DSU 725
Member’s right to determine DSU 725
confidentiality of proceedings (DSU 14/DSU 17.10/DSU 18.2/ WP 3), obligation to respect/ensure respect for DSU 725
customary international law rules of interpretation [as codified in the VCLT] as applicable law (DSU 3.2), in absence of specific provision SCM 694–5
developing countries (SCM 27)
actionable subsidies (SCM 27.9). nullification or impairment claims, limitation to SCM 569
exemption from SCM 3.1(a) (transitional period) (SCM 27.3), as authorization of prohibited subsidies (GATT III:2) SCM 535
serious prejudice (SCM 27.8) SCM 568
developing countries (TRIMs 4), TRIMs 2.1 and TRIMs 22
export subsidy, prohibited (SCM, Part II)
national treatment and (GATT III:8(b)) GATT 390, 422
national treatment (GATT III) and GATT 420–1
GATS Agreement, GATT 1994, effect on GATT 419
identification of specific measures (DSU 6.2), measure not yet taken DSU 378
Illustrative List (TRIMs 2.2)
analysis of TRIMs status of measure (TRIMs 1) and TRIMs 4
local content requirements (Item 1) TRIMs4
tax and customs duty benefits (para. 1(a)) TRIMs 10–11
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
footnotes to treaty as aid/integral part of treaty TRIPS 57
same or closely related phrases in different agreements, GATT III/SCM 15 footnote 46 SCM 424
same or closely related phrases in same agreement
GATT XVI:1/SCM 5(c)/6.3(c) SCM 267
SCM 6.3(a)/SCM 6.4 SCM 308
“investment measures” (TRIMs 1) TRIMs 1–2
analysis of TRIMs status, relevance of Illustrative List (TRIMs 2.2) TRIMs 4
legislative measures, relevance TRIMs 2
judicial economy
limitation of consideration to claims essential to resolution of dispute (DSU 3.2) GATT 423, TRIMs 11
prior decision on another point rendering discussion otiose TRIMs 11
legal basis of claim / “claim” / “matter referred” (DSU 6.2/7.1), summary “sufficient to present the problem clearly” DSU 378
lex specialis/presumption against treaty conflicts
“conflict” DSU 1720 n. 2701
possibilities of conflict considered by panel/AB, SCM/TRIMS TRIMs 7, SCM 694–5, DSU 1712
SCM/TRIMs TRIMs 8
“like product” (GATT I), “like product” (GATT III:2 and III:4) compared GATT 39
“like product” (GATT III:2 and III:4)
GATT I:1 and GATT 39
relevant factors
nationality of producer or origin of parts and components GATT 249
nationality of producer or origin of product (“hypothetical” like products) GATT 249
“like product” (SCM 15 footnote 46)
“characteristics closely resembling” SCM 424–8
physical characteristics SCM 426
unassembled/assembled products SCM 428
unassembled/assembled products, whether SCM 428
MFN treatment (GATT I:1)
“accorded immediately and unconditionally to the like product”
differential treatment on the basis of origin of product and GATT 46
local content requirement, relevance GATT 46
private action and GATT 46
“accorded immediately and unconditionally to the like product”, order of analysis GATT 27
customs duties and tax benefits as (GATT III:2) GATT 117
national treatment, general principle (GATT III:1), publication and administration of regulations (GATT X) and GATT 590
national treatment, payment of subsidies exclusively to domestic producers as exception (GATT III:8(b)), SCM Agreement and GATT 390, 419–22
national treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4)
“all laws, regulations or requirements affecting” TRIMs 10 n. 17
applicability to direct taxes [on individual] GATT 420
TRIMs and GATT 423, TRIMs 3, 9–11
national treatment, tax discrimination (GATT III:2), applicability, indirect taxes [taxes on products] GATT 420
national treatment (TRIPS 3)
applicability (TRIPS 3.1 footnote 3) TRIPS 57
TRIPS 20 (special requirements) and TRIPS 57, 147
order of analysis, “advantage” /discrimination (GATT I:1) GATT 27
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered agreements
“displacment” (SCM 6.3(a)) SCM 307
“impede” (SCM 6.3(a)) SCM 307
preliminary rulings on, specificity of request for panel (DSU 6.2) DSU 373
preparatory work (VCLT 32), GATT III:8 GATT 390
relationships within and between agreements
GATT III/SCM Agreement GATT 117
GATT III:2/SCM Agreement GATT 420–1
GATT III:4/TRIMs 2 GATT 423, TRIMs 9–11
GATT III:4/TRIMs 3 TRIMs 9, 20
GATT III:8(b)/SCM 1 GATT 390, 422
GATT/SCM GATT 419
SCM 2.3/SCM 3 SCM 118
SCM 3.1(b)/TRIMs TRIMs 7–9, SCM 695
SCM 27.3/TRIMs 5 TRIMs 8
TRIMS 1/Illustrative List (TRIMs 2.2) TRIMs 4
TRIMs 2.1/TRIMs 5 TRIMs 24
TRIPS 3/TRIPS 20 TRIPS 57, 147
TRIPS 3/TRIPS 65.2 TRIPS 291
TRIPS 20/TRIPS 65.5 TRIPS 148, 290
request for establishment of panel, requirements (DSU 6.2), due process/ability to defend itself considerations DSU 378
SCM Agreement, transitional arrangements (existing programmes) (SCM 28.1), “inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement” (SCM 28.1) SCM 574
“serious prejudice” (GATT XVI:1), “serious prejudice” (SMC 5(c)/ 6.3(c)), identity of meaning SCM 267
“serious prejudice” (SCM 5(c)), “significant price undercutting/suppression” (SCM 6.3(c)) as SCM 267
“serious prejudice” (SCM 6)
developing countries, exclusion (SCM 27.9) SCM 569
displacement or impediment to imports (SCM 6.3(a)) SCM 267
“displacement” SCM 307
“impediment” SCM 307
market share data, relevance SCM 308
SCM 4, relevance SCM 308
nationality of producers, relevance SCM 267
“significant price undercutting/suppression” (SCM 6.3(c))
“effect of the subsidy”, expired subsidy programme SCM 298
“price undercutting” SCM 267, 314
“serious prejudice” (SCM 27.8) SCM 568
standing as claimant (SCM)
SCM 6.3(a) SCM 267
serious prejudice requirement (SCM 7.2) SCM 267
subsidy, specificity (SCM 2), subsidy “contingent upon the use of domestic over imported goods” (SCM 2.3/3.1(b)) SCM 118
terms of reference of panels (DSU 7)
“measures at issue” (DSU 6.2)
amended measures, amendment following establishment of panel DSU 396
terminated measures, termination following agreement on terms of reference DSU 392
trademarks (TRIPS Part II Section 2), special requirements (TRIPS 20), national treatment (TRIPS 3) and TRIPS 147
treaties, conflict between, definition and general principles DSU 1712
TRIMs Agreement, as integral part of WTO Agreement TRIMs 8–9
TRIPS Agreement, transitional arrangements (TRIPS 65), “lesser degree of consistency” (TRIPS 65.5) TRIPS 290
WTO Agreement, cumulative nature of obligations SCM 687
Indonesia — Autos (Article 21.3(c)), WT/DS54/15, WT/DS55/14, WT/DS59/13, WT/DS64/12, DSR 1998:IX
developing countries (DSU 21.2) (implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings), “reasonable period” (DSU 21.3(c)) DSU 1064
developing countries, implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings (DSU 21.2) DSU 1007
lex specialis/presumption against treaty conflicts DSU 1712
“measures at issue” (DSU 6.2)
terminated measures
GATT practice DSU 392
termination following agreement on terms of reference DSU 392
“reasonable period” for implementation of recommendations and rulings (Article 21.3(c) arbitrations)
developing countries and (DSU 21.2) DSU 1007, 1064
economic and social conditions, relevance DSU 1064
structural adjustment, relevance of need for DSU 1062
Informal Group on Anti-Circumvention, ADP Committee Decision on (April 1997) AD 1017–18
information or technical advice, panel’s right to seek (DSU 13.1/SPS 11.2)
see also adverse inferences from party’s refusal to provide information, panel’s right to draw (DSU 13); expert evidence (DSU 13.2/SPS 11.2)
burden of proof and DSU 556
comprehensive nature of panel’s authority DSU 736–7, 738, 766
confidentiality considerations SG 113–15, DSU 764, 1334
discretion not to seek DSU 607, 736, 754, 756–60
discretion to accept or reject requested information or advice DSU 736, 1334
discretion to accept or reject unrequested information or advice DSU 738–42
“from any individual or body” DSU 736–60
good faith obligation (DSU 3.10) and DSU 116–17
table showing exercise of right DSU 755
non-parties DSU 752
frequency of exercise DSU 746
panel’s right to evaluate source of information or advice DSU 736
panel’s rights, to assess facts SPS 39
prompt and full response requirement DSU 761–3
Information Technology Agreement (Singapore) GATT 193–9
“instrument … in connection with the conclusion of the threat” (VCLT 31(2)(b)), whether DSU 1567
“products” /product coverage GATT 199
information technology products
Committee of Participants on the Expansion of Trade in Information Technology Products
establishment GATT 197
Non-Tariff Measures Work Programme GATT 198
observer status GATT 197 n. 289
rules of procedure (1997) GATT 197
Declaration on Trade in Information Technology Products (Singapore) WTO 53, 67, GATT 193–9
Information Technology Products, Committee of Participants on the Expansion of Trade in WTO 93
Infrastructure Contract (WTO–Switzerland) (1995) WTO 193
injury: see determination of injury (AD 3); determination of injury (SCM 15); safeguard measures, conditions (SG 2); transitional safeguards (ATC 6); serious damage or actual threat of (ATC 6.2)
Institute for Training and Technical Cooperation DSU 1357
Integrated Data Base (IDB) WTO 135, GATT 185–6
Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to least-developed countries (IF) GATT 1102–6
Aid for Trade GATT 1106
endorsement as viable model WTO 109
Enhanced IF
role GATT 1105
Task Force (2005–6) GATT 1104
establishment GATT 1102
mandate GATT 1102
objectives GATT 1103
Pilot Scheme WTO 110
review of Integrated Framework WTO 110, GATT 1103
Working Group work programme (2004) WTO 113
integration process (ATC 2): see quantitative restrictions (ATC 2) (integration process)
intellectual property conventions (TRIPS 2)
assimilation to nationals “of the Union” (PC 3) TRIPS 24
continuing obligations under (TRIPS 2.2) TRIPS 33
intellectual property rights, availability, scope and use (TRIPS Part II):
see trademarks (TRIPS Part II Section 2)
national treatment (PC 2(1))/TRIPS 3.1 TRIPS 20–2
trademark registration (PC): see trademarks (Paris Convention (PC))
intellectual property rights, acquisition and maintenance including inter partes procedures
inter partes proceedings (TRIPS Part IV) and enforcement (TRIPS Part III) distinguished TRIPS 219, 278
unwarranted curtailment, prohibition (TRIPS 62.2), term of protection (TRIPS 33) as distinct and cumulative provision TRIPS 8, 276
intellectual property rights, availability, scope and use (TRIPS Part II)
acquisition and maintenance (TRIPS 62), unwarranted curtailment, prohibition (TRIPS 62.2), freedom to choose method of implementation (TRIPS 1.1) and TRIPS 8
exclusive marketing rights obligations (TRIPS 70.9) TRIPS 314–15
developing countries’ right to delay application (TRIPS 65.2) TRIPS 293
least-developed countries, waiver TRIPS 316
exhaustion (TRIPS 6), Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health (2001) and TRIPS 76
existing subject matter, applicability to (TRIPS 70)
“acts which occurred before date” (TRIPS 70.1) and “existing at the date” (TRIPS 70.2) distinguished TRIPS 307, 311, DSU 1524
“acts” (TRIPS 70.1) TRIPS 308–10, DSU 1524
freedom to choose method of implementation (TRIPS 1.1) and TRIPS 8
obligation to provide means for filing applications relating to delayed application of TRIPS 27 (TRIPS 70.8) TRIPS 312–13
patent protection (TRIPS 27) and TRIPS 186
“subject matter” (TRIPS 70.2) TRIPS 311
term of protection (TRIPS 33) and TRIPS 317
transitional arrangements (TRIPS 66) and TRIPS 292–3
“intellectual property” (TRIPS 1.2) TRIPS 12–14, 216
categories covered TRIPS 12
as private rights (preamble) TRIPS 4
MFN treatment (TRIPS 4), “less favourable treatment”, applicability to all trademark owners requirement TRIPS 65–6
national treatment (TRIPS 3): see national treatment (TRIPS 3)
intellectual property rights, enforcement (TRIPS Part III)
“acts of infringement” (TRIPS 41.1) TRIPS 217
criminal procedures: see criminal procedures (TRIPS 61)
due process: see fair and equitable procedures (TRIPS 42)
“intellectual property rights” (TRIPS 41/TRIPS 1.2) TRIPS 216
inter partes proceedings (TRIPS Part IV) distinguished TRIPS 219, 278
“other remedies” (TRIPS 46)
16.229–31: see also border measures special measures related to enforcement of (TRIPS Part III Section 4), destruction or disposal of infringing goods (TRIPS 59), “principles set out in Article 46”
exhaustiveness of TRIPS 46 list TRIPS 231
preparatory work in case of ambiguity (VCLT 32(a)) TRIPS 229
proportionality requirement TRIPS 230
“such request”, ambiguity TRIPS 229
rights not protected by Berne Convention and TRIPS 221
“shall have the authority” (TRIPS 43–8) TRIPS 226
Inter-Agency Panel on Short-Term Difficulties in Financing Normal Levels of Commercial Import of Basic Foodstuffs
see also NFIDC implementation (AG 16)
establishment AG 157–8, 167, 219
recommendations (2002) AG 221
report (2002) AG 221
terms of reference AG 157–8, 220
intergovernmental organizations (IGOS), panel’s right to seek information from (DSU 13.1) DSU 753–5
additional comments following relevant AB report DSU 817
changes to report in absence of request DSU 804–5
correction of non-substantive error DSU 805
confidentiality of reports DSU 813–16, 913, 918
contested factual issues DSU 776–7
failure to inform panel of errors DSU 786–8
good faith (DSU 3.10) and DSU 799
inclusion of discussion of arguments (DSU 15.3) DSU 808
multiple complainants/separate reports DSU 809–11
on a particular issue DSU 812
“precise aspects of the interim report”, limitation to (DSU 15.2) DSU 778–81
reargument of case, exclusion DSU 782–5
reconsideration of evidence, arguments and findings DSU 796–8
termination of measures following, effect DSU 384 n. 623
third party rights DSU 480, 774–5
timeliness of objections to terms of reference DSU 367, 799–801
International Bovine Meat Agreement
acceptance provisions (IBM VI) WTO 270
amendments (IBM VI:4) WTO 220
reservations (IBM VI:1(b)) WTO 302
termination/deletion from WTO Annex IV (Plurilateral Agreements) (IBM VI) WTO 161, 218, 257, 270
International Dairy Agreement (IDA)
acceptance provisions (IDA VIII) WTO 270
amendments (ID VIII:4) WTO 220
reservations (IDA VIII:1(b)) WTO 302
International Dairy Council, termination WTO 161
international food aid (AG 10.4)
3.129–31: see also NFIDC implementation (AG 16)
Food Aid Convention (1999) AG 131
relationship with AG 10.1 AG 129
international law/ “relevant rules of international law” (VCLT 31 (3)(c)) with particular reference to the interpretation of covered agreements (DSU 3(2))
17.1587–605: see also customary international law rules of interpretation [as codified in the VCLT] as applicable law (DSU 3.2)
burden of proof: see burden of proof (general rules)
compétence de la compétence DSU 366, 1327, 1702
consistency in jurisprudence DSU 53, 823, 835, 903, 1701
constituent elements (“rules” / “relevant” / “applicable between the parties”) DSU 1598, 1604
countermeasures: see countermeasures (general principles)
customary international law as DSU 1598
determination of “ordinary meaning” (VCLT 31(1)) and DSU 1594–6
erga omnes obligations DSU 1699–700
estoppel/acquiescence, 17.112, 17.1703–7:
see also estoppel
ex aequo et bono jurisdiction DSU 1708
general principles of law/international law as DSU 1594
good faith as GATT 857, AD 575, SCM 196, DSU 387, 1594, 1597
harmless error principle AD 390–3, 456, 483, 827, DSU 311 n. 495, 1709
Harmonized System as DSU 1593
ILC Articles on State Responsibility, whether, 17.1588, 17.1599–600: see also State responsibility as rule/general principle of international law (ILC Articles)
in dubio mitius principle DSU 1713 n. 2689, 1734–5
jura novit curia DSU 324, 326, 328, 416, 574–5, 1710
legislation as such and DSU 339
lex specialis: see lex specialis/presumption against treaty conflicts
non-retroactivity of treaties (VCLT 28) and DSU 1601–4
precautionary principle as SPS 6–7, DSU 1594, 1730–1
relevance when unsupported by the text DSU 1320, 1674
rules applicable between WTO Members as “parties” DSU 1595, 1602–4, 1602 n. 2483, 1740
rule applicable only to some WTO Members, whether DSU 1590–1, 1595, 1740
“sources of international law” (ICJ Statute 38(1)) as DSU 1598
State responsibility: see State responsibility as rule/general principle of international law (ILC Articles)
as supplementary means/ “taken into account” DSU 1587, 1596, 1600, 1604
terms in Schedules as DSU 1592
treaties concluded by other parties as DSU 1596, 1602 n. 2483
treaties concluded by parties as DSU 1589
treaties concluded prior to treaty being interpreted DSU 1601–4
treaty interpretation and treaty application distinguished DSU 1590
International Meat Council, termination WTO 161
international minimum standard (TRIPS 1.3), procedural rights (TRIPS 42) and TRIPS 223
International Plant Protection Convention Secretariat, provision of information to SPS Committee SPS 2
“international standards … as a basis for technical regulation” (TBT 2.4/Annex 1)
see also technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures, information and assistance (TBT 10–12); technical regulations and standards, conformity with (TBT 5–9); technical regulations (TBT 2/Annex 1.1)
applicability to pre-existing measures TBT 5, 49–51
participation in preparation of international standards (TBT 2.6) and TBT 74
unilateral measures under MFA (TBT 2.5) TBT 72
burden of proof, effectiveness of standard TBT 53
burden of proof (general rules), onus probandi actori incumbit TBT 52–3
explanation of justification on request (TBT 2.5)
as mandatory obligation TBT 73
“upon the request” TBT 71
“fulfilment of legitimate objective” (TBT 2.2)
“ineffective or inappropriate means” (including distinction between) TBT 67–9
“legitimate objective”, qualification as (including TBT 2.2 provisions) TBT 70
“international standard”
consensus, relevance TBT 56–8, 152–3
elements TBT 54
“standard” (Annex 1.2) distinguished TBT 54–5, 167
ISO/IEC Guide/Annex 1, relationship TBT 152–4
obligation to participate in preparation of (TBT 2.6) TBT 74–5
TBT Committee decision on principles relating to TBT 75
practice of international standard-setting bodies distinguished TBT 58
“relevant parts of them” TBT 65
TBT objectives (TBT preamble) and TBT 5
technical regulations distinguished TBT 6
use “as a basis for” GATT 48, 53, 66
“international standards … as a basis for technical regulation” (TBT 2.4/Annex)
“shall use them” TBT 61
International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
WTO Cooperation Agreement GATS 221
WTO, Cooperation Agreement with WTO 162
interpretation of covered agreements, ordinary meaning: see ordinary meaning of terms used in covered agreements
interpretation of covered agreements, responsibility for authoritative (WTO IX:2)
“authoritative” interpretation DSU 1586
interpretation in dispute settlement distinguished WTO 200
“subsequent practice” (VCLT 31(3)(b)) and DSU 1586
General Council (WTO IV:2)/Ministerial Conference (DSU 3.9) WTO 197–202, DSU 639
request to (1999) WTO 62, 197–202, 198
role of dispute settlement system to “clarify the existing provisions” (DSU 3.2) and DSU 49, 51, 52–3, 57, 299, 386, 529, 630, 639, 661, 703
Secretariat role WTO 201
interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions
see also Schedules of Concessions (GATT II); interpretation and clarification
AD 6.8/DSU 21.3(c) DSU 1035
AG 9.1(c)/SCM Illustrative List items (c), (d) and (k) SCM 601
“any subsequent agreement … regarding its interpretation or application” (VCLT 31(3)(a)) DSU 1575–80
definition (ILC Articles on the Law of Treaties) DSU 1578–9
Doha Declaration, whether DSU 1580
multilateral interpretation (WTO IX:2) as WTO 202, DSU 1578
NAFTA DSU 1576
Report of Working Party on DRC Accession GATT 500
SCM Code (Tokyo Round) WTO 277, DSU 1575
waiver as WTO 211
“any subsequent practice … which establishes the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation” (VCLT 31(3)(b)) AG 40, DSU 1581–6
ADP recommendations as evidence of AD 222 n. 309
“authoritative” interpretation (WTO IX:2) and DSU 1586
discernible pattern requirements GATS 182, DSU 1582
failure to protest a customs classification practice, effect GATT 130
GATT decisions including adoption of panel reports WTO 279–80, SCM 100, DSU 1581
panel report (adopted) WTO 197, DSU 821, 1581
Scheduling Guidelines (1993) GATS 182
Scheduling Guidelines (2001) GATS 183
scheduling practice AG 42
SCM Code (Tokyo Round) WTO 277
balance between flexibility/certainty of the law DSU 42
“circumstances of conclusion” (VCLT 32) GATT 131
classification as exception, relevance GATT 81
classification for purpose of allocating burden of proof, relevance GATT 80
consistency with article/agreement as a whole GATT 342, 345, AD 530 n. 719
context (VCLT 31(2))
see also under as a whole/holistic/harmonious exercise below
“any agreement relating to … made in connection with the conclusion…” (VCLT 31(2)(a)) GATS 181, 186–7, TRIPS 101, DSU 1556–65
minor exceptions doctrine TBT 100–1, DSU 1560–1
“any instrument … made by one or more of the parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty” (VCLT 31(2) (b)) DSU 1566–7
Harmonized System as DSU 1566
Information Technology Agreement, whether DSU 1567
“instrument” DSU 1567 n. 2413
Document W/120 GATS 185
Harmonized System as GATT 124, 125–9, DSU 1645–6
jurisprudence, relevance DSU 821
other articles in same agreement AG 23, SCM 356
DSU 23.1 as context for DSU 23.2 DSU 1299, 1307
SG 3.1 as context for SG 4.2(a) SG 92
VAL 1 (“primary basis”) as context for “examine” (VAL 1.2 (a)) VAL 17–18
prior practice, need for consistency DSU 1646
Scheduling Guidelines (1993) GATS 181
Scheduling Guidelines (2001) GATS 184
customary international law: see customary international law rules of interpretation [as codified in the VCLT] as applicable law (DSU 3.2)
customary international trade usage as applicable law AG 69
dictionaries GATT 32, 52, 84, 124, 356, 357, 774, 803, 819, AG 41, 57, 85, 87, 108, 137, SPS 231, AD 102, 224, 259, 305, 388, 530 n. 719, 550, 557, 573, 580, 857, VAL 1–2, RO 12, SCM 27, 136, 221–2, 226, 227, 356, 451, 622, SG 100, 261 n. 423, GATS 109, DSU 248 n. 357, 886, 1029, 1114, 1286–7, 1289, 1305, 1660, 1694
cautious approach to SCM 43, 223, 224, 227, 331, DSU 1288, 1552
different language in same agreement SPS 81, SCM 237, 339–40, 631
GATT III:2, first and second sentences GATT 306–7
SCM 4.10 and 4.11/SCM 7.9 SCM 251–2
SCM 5(c) and 6.3(c)/SCM 15.2 and 15.5 SCM 303
effectiveness principle (ut res magis valeat quam pereat/effet utile) GATT 805, AG 71, AD 101, 742–3, 878, 931, LIC 7, SCM 221 n. 343, DSU 1611–17
meaning to be attributed to every word and phrase WTO 19, GATT 218, 226, 862, SPS 29, 493, AD 598, 1000, SCM 246, 309, 646, SG 1, 7, GATS 25, DSU 1279, 1282, 1611–13
meaning to be attributed to omissions DSU 1614–17
multiple authentic languages (VCLT 33) and DSU 1659 n. 2594
presumption of meaning SCM 237
evolutionary approach/intertemporal law WTO 2, GATT 935, GATS 3–5, DSU 42, 1596, 1618
footnotes to treaty as aid/integral part of treaty GATT 470, AG 38, 66, SPS 95, 470, AD 961, SCM 228–30, 236, 372, TRIPS 17, 57–8, DSU 1290–1, 1698
good faith interpretation: see good faith (including pacta sunt servanda principle (VCLT 26)); good faith interpretation of treaty (VCLT 31(1))
grammar, respect for AG 37
use of plural form, relevance AD 327, 625 n. 859, 703
hierarchical relationship between elements in VC 31, whether DSU 1599
ILC draft articles SCM 221, DSU 1286
in dubio mitius principle, as supplementary means of interpretation DSU 1713 n. 2689, 1734–5
international tax law principles SCM 610
interpretative notes (Ad Articles) GATT 236, 282, 307
legitimate expectations (including GATT II:5 provisions) WTO 279, GATT 121–3, 132, 162, DSU 1542
panel reports and GATT 169, 169 n. 240, DSU 820
multiple authentic languages (VCLT 33): see multiple authentic languages interpretation (VCLT 33)
multiple permissible interpretations AD 928–34
compliance with one permissible interpretation, sufficiency AD 928, 935–6
narrow/broad interpretation GATT 241, 260, AD 66
object and purpose GATT 50, 119, 237, 290, 389, 672, 797, SPS 134
AD as a whole AD 735
ATC ATC 1
GATT I:1 GATT 50
GATT XX(g) GATT 940
preamble as evidence of GATT 86, AG 3, TBT 1–7, SCM 4, SG 1, TRIPS 1–3
SG SG 266
SG/GATT XIX GATT 798–9, SG 227
TBT 2.8 TBT 80
“ordinary meaning … in their context … in light of object and purpose” (VCLT 31(1)) GATT 851, AG 37–9, 70
other treaties
MFA (omission of provision from ATC) ATC 77–8
Treaty of Rome (1958) GATT 206
parties’ common intentions (VCLT 31(1)) GATT 119, 121, GATS 177, DSU 1536, 1542, 1573, 1604
ordinary meaning as aid in establishing AD 934
party’s intention in respect of own schedule, government document as evidence of GATS 190
preamble as reflection of GATT 858, AD 533
preamble of agreement under consideration as aid GATT 86, 858, AG 3, TBT 1–7, AD 533, LIC 1, SCM 4, SG 1, TRIPS 1–3
same or closely related phrases in different agreements
see also countermeasures in case of failure to comply with panel or AB report within specified time-period (SCM 4.10), “appropriate”; order of analysis; relationships within and between agreements
AD 3.4/SG 4.2 AD 251
AD 3.5/SG 4.2(b) SG 210
AD 3.5/SG 4.2(c) SG 107, DSU 424, 519
AD 6.8/SCM 12.7 AD 547, SCM 390
AD 12.2.2/SCM 22.4 and 22.5 SCM 504
AD 17.6(ii)/DSU 3.2 AD 927, 931
AD/SCM: see determination of injury (SCM 15), identity of AD 3 provisions/applicability of jurisprudence relating to
AG 1(e)/SCM 3.1(a) AG 14, 17–19
AG 9.1/AG 9.2(b)(iii)/AG 9.2(b)(iv) AG 109
AG 9.1(a)/SCM 1.1 AG 84
AG Annex 3, para. 1/GATT XVI:1 AG 9
ATC 6.4/SG 4.2(a) SG 144
caution in use of SCM 40
cross-referencing, role AD 790, 797, SCM 369–70, 489–90, 498, 499
Enabling Clause (EC 3(c)), SCM 27.4 and TBT 12.2 and 12.3 TBT 139
GATS XIV/GATT XX(b) GATS 74, 83
GATS XVII/GATT III:4 (“less favourable treatment”) GATS 131
GATS Financial Services Annex/SCM Agreement GATS 241
GATS XX/GATT II GATS 177
GATT III:1/SPS Annex A(1)(a) SPS 469
GATT III:2/ATC 6.2 ATC 43
GATT III/SCM 15 footnote 46 SCM 424
GATT X:2/ATC 6.10 ATC 74, 80, 87
GATT X:3(a)/LIC 1.3 GATT 594
GATT XVI:1/SCM 5(c)/6.3(c) GATT 714, SCM 267
GATT XIX:1(a)/SG 11.1(a) GATT 797
GATT XX (chapeau) GATT 860 n. 1180
GATT XXVI:5/TRIPS 1.3 footnote 1 (“separate customs territory”) TRIPS 17
GATT XXXIII/TRIPS 1.3 footnote 1 (“separate customs territory”) TRIPS 17
GATT XVII:1(b)/GPA VIII(c) GPA 22
omission of term (TBT Annex 1) TBT 58, 153
SCM 1/GATS XIII:2 and XV GATS 72
SCM 21.2/AD and SPS Agreements SCM 494
SG 3.1/VAL 1.2(a) VAL 18
SPS 5.5/TRIPS 3 and 4 SPS 243
TRIPS 13, 17 and 26.2/Berne 9(2) (“special purpose”) TRIPS 115 n. 118, 201
same or closely related phrases in same agreement
AD 3.4/AD 17.6(i) AD 259
AD 11.2/AD 11.3 AD 783
AG 4.2/AG 5 AG 39
AG 9.1(a) and (b)/AG 9.1(c) AG 92
AG Annex 2, para. 6(b)/para. 11 AG 199
DSU 2.1/DSU 11 (“accordingly”) DSU 32
DSU 4.4/DSU 4.6 (“measures” / “specific measures”) DSU 157
DSU 4.4/DSU 6.2 (“legal basis of the complaint”) DSU 158–9
GATS Financial Services Annex/other GATS annexes GATS 240
GATT VII:2(b)/GATT X:3(a) GATT 591
GATT XX chapeau/SPS 2.3/SPS 5.5 (“arbitrary or unjustifiable”) SPS 232–3
identity of meaning throughout agreement AD 16
SCM 3.2/SCM 27.4 SCM 174
SCM 6.3(a)-(d) SCM 279
SCM 6.3(a)/SCM 6.4 SCM 308
SCM 15.5/SCM 19.1 SCM 461
SG 4.2/SG 5.1 SG 226
SPS 3.1 (“based on”)/SPS 3.2 (“conform to”) SPS 81, 92
SPS 3.1/SPS 5.1 (“based on”) SPS 135
SPS 3.1(a)/SPS 3.1(b) SCM 166–7
TRIPS 1.3/3.1 (“nationals of other Members”) TRIPS 35
TRIPS 17/TRIPS 30 (“exception”) TRIPS 136
TRIPS 41–3/TRIPS 61 TRIPS 266
TRIPS 41/TRIPS 59 (“shall have the authority”) TRIPS 241
TRIPS 60/TRIPS 61 TRIPS 275
VCLT 31(2)(a)/31(2)(c)/66 (“parties”) DSU 1595
SCM 21.3 SCM 373
“shall be taken into account” (VCLT 31(3)) DSU 1574
“special meaning” (VCLT 31(4)) DSU 1606–10
State practice SCM 221, DSU 1286
supplementary means (VCLT 32)
see also preparatory work (VCLT 32)
in case of ambiguity DSU 82
“circumstances of its conclusion” DSU 1644–52
attitudes of parties DSU 1647 n. 2568
date of conclusion distinguished DSU 1649
objective test DSU 1648
official publication of act or instrument DSU 1650
prevailing international situation DSU 1652
unilateral classification practice DSU 1645–6, 1649 n. 2574
as confirmation DSU 1656
as customary international law rule DSU 55, 1629
domestic law DSU 1655 n. 2588, 1655 n. 2589
non-exhaustive nature of VCLT 32 list DSU 1636–8
direct link with treaty, relevance DSU 1647–8
Oilseeds Agreement as DSU 1635
other agreements between parties DSU 1635
“recourse may be had” SCM 257, DSU 1630–4
“teachings of the most highly qualified publicists” (ICJ Statute 38(1) (d)) TRIPS 115
text/plain language (VCLT 31(2)) GATT 79 n. 105, AG 37, 69–70, SPS 130, TRIMs 18, AD 73–4, 99, 107 n. 143, 220, 431, 708, SCM 135, 236–7, 392, 433, 475, TRIPS 3, DSU 82, 1549–52
transitional decisions taken by signatories of Tokyo SCM Code SCM 591
as a whole/holistic/harmonious exercise WTO 19, 22, GATT 159, 330, AD 931, SCM 260, 475, SG 112, TRIPS 64, 88, 118, 159, 276, 308, DSU 16, 158, 1216, 1539–40, 1553, 1554–5, 1604–5, 1667, 1743
WTO Agreement as single undertaking and WTO 23–4
investigation of conditions for safeguard measures, requirements (SG 3.1/SG 4.2(c))
see also confidential information (SG 3.2); “like or directly competitive product” (SG 2.1/SG 4.1(c))
data of an objective and quantifiable nature SG 154–8
methodology, absence of provision SG 138, 154, 157, 171
representativeness SG 135–8, 154–5
interested parties
notification to SG 92
obligation to consult SG 96
opportunity to respond to presentations of other parties SG 92
opportunity to submit evidence and views SG 92
internal decision-making process, relevance SG 98
ordinary meaning of terms used in covered agreements, “examine” (VAL 1.2(a)) VAL 17
published report: see publication of findings and reasoned conclusions (SG 3.1)
reasoned and adequate explanation (SG 4.2(a)) GATT 811, SG 95, 99, 209–10
VAL examination (VAL 1.2(a)) compared VAL 18
investigation of dumping (AD 5)/subsidy (SCM 11)
anti-dumping and countervailing duties (GATT VI) including interrelationship with AD Agreement, dumping, constituent elements/definition (AD 2/GATT VI:1), sufficiency of evidence for initiation of investigation (AD 5) and AD 364 n. 489
evidentiary rules: see evidence (dumping investigation) (AD 6)
methodology, authorities’ discretion AD 334
notification to government of exporting Member (AD 5.5)
“before proceeding to initiate”, date of initiation AD 384–6
“before proceeding to legislate”, national legislative provisions, relevance AD 385
breach by other party, relevance AD 386
content AD 389
failure to comply
harmless error and AD 390–3, 456, 827
timely objection, relevance AD 391, 456
form of notification AD 388
“initiated” (AD footnote 1) AD 384
public notice and explanation of determinations (AD 12) distinguished AD 421
timing, ADP recommendation AD 387
object and purpose (SCM Part V) SCM 467–8
preparatory work (VCLT 32) SCM 371
Secretariat Note for the Uruguay Round Negotiating Group on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (1987), relevance SCM 371
procedural nature of provisions SCM 366, 368
rejection of application (AD 5.8) AD 396–9
applicability prior to initiation of investigation AD 397–9
“cases”, anti-dumping duty assessment (AD 9.3), relevance AD 401–2
de minimis test
anti-dumping duty assessment (AD 9.3) distinguished AD 402, 671–3
function/obligation to use AD 402
immediate termination and AD 400
sunset review (AD 11.3), applicability to AD 793–5, 797
exporters for whom a zero or de minimis margin is established
exclusion from subsequent administrative and changed circumstances reviews AD 405–6, SCM 374–5
immediate termination and AD 400
“margin of dumping”, identity of meaning with AD 2.4.2 AD 404
procedural nature AD 396
request for initiation of investigation within 12 months of negative finding on same product (Doha) AD 338
self-initiation (AD 5.6), sunset review (AD 11.3), applicability of rules to AD 789–90
simultaneous consideration of evidence of dumping and injury (AD 5.7), initiation of investigation in absence of sufficient evidence (AD 5.3) and AD 376, 394–5
sufficiency of evidence (AD 5.3)
determination of sufficiency AD 186
determination of sufficiency as satisfaction of AD 5.2
requirements AD 348
“injury”, threat of, AD 3.7 requirements, relevance AD 363–6
standard of review (DSU 17.6) AD 367–70
elements (AD 2) and AD 356, 364 n. 489
evidence of causal link (AD 5.2(iv)) AD 344–6
“information” and analysis distinguished AD 345–6
raw numerical detail AD 347
interrelationship with AD 5.2 AD 340, 343, 349–55
“simple assertion, unsubstantiated by relevant evidence” (AD 5.2) AD 186, 347
“such evidence is reasonably available to the applicant” (AD 5.2) AD 341
sufficiency to initiate (AD 5.2) and for final determination (AD 2) distinguished AD 344, 349–54, 356 n. 474
“sufficient evidence of” (SCM 11.2), causal link SCM 361
sufficient evidence requirement in case of initiation of investigation in absence of application (SCM 11.6) SCM 365
support for (AD 5.4/SCM 11.4)
“a major proportion” (AD 4.1) distinguished AD 382
authorities’ need to determine level AD 379–82
“by or on behalf of the domestic industry”
determination based exclusively on information in application SCM 363
quantitative test SCM 362
determination of standing and AD 381
identity of provisions AD 379, 383, SCM 362, 364
major proportion of the domestic industry AD 380
motivation for support, relevance AD 379, SCM 362
termination (SCM 11.9)
de minimis standard, applicability SCM 366–73
developing countries (SCM 27.10) SCM 570
limitation of SCM 11.9 to investigation phase SCM 366
time limits for conclusion of investigation (SCM 11.11), 18 month limit SCM 376
investigations and reviews of existing [SCM] measures initiated … on or after date of entry into force of WTO Agreement (SCM 32.3) GATT 451, SCM 590–1
“existing measures” SCM 595
procedural aspects of investigations, limitation to SCM 594
retroactivity GATT 451, SCM 590–1
transitional decisions of Tokyo Round Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Committee, relevance SCM 591
“investment measures” (TRIMs 1) TRIMs 1–2
analysis of TRIMs status, relevance of Illustrative List (TRIMs 2.2) TRIMs 4
legislative measures, relevance TRIMs 2
“related to trade” TRIMs 3
Israel, GPA offset regime, modification (GPA XXIV:6) GPA 44–5
issues of law and legal interpretations: see standard/powers of review (AB) (issues of law and legal interpretations) (DSU 17.6)
ITU: see International Telecommunications Union (ITU)