WTO | Appellate Body Repertory of Reports and Awards 1995-2005

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implementation of panel or AB recommendations (DSU 19.1)

expired measures, applicability to I.1

SCM 7.8 and I.1, S.2.19C: see also SCM Agreement, remedies (SCM 7)

right of panel or AB to make suggestions I.2

implementation of recommendations and rulings of the DSB (DSU 21.3): see also review of implementation of DSB rulings (DSU 21.5); SCM agreement, remedies (SCM 7)

choice of means at Member’s discretion ARB. 1.1-3, ARB. 1.11, ARB. 3.1.4, ARB. 3.2.1

withdrawal or modification options ARB. 3.1.3

withdrawal of WTO-inconsistent measure as first objective ARB. 3.1.1-2

consistency with WTO obligations, responsibility for determining ARB. 1.1-10

good faith obligation ARB. 5.4.9

impracticality of immediate compliance/reasonable period of time (DSU 21.3, chapeau) ARB. 2.8-9, ARB. 3.1.1, ARB. 4

compensation as temporary measure (DSU 3.7/DSU 22.4) ARB. 3.1.2

“reasonable period”

15-month guideline (DSU 21.3(c)) ARB. 4.2, ARB. 5.1.2-3

administrative measures as means of implementation, relevance ARB. 5.5.8-9, ARB. 5.6.1-3

burden of proof ARB. 4.2.10, ARB. 5.6.4, ARB. 6

complexity of implementation process ARB. 5.4, ARB. 5.4.11-12, ARB. 5.6.8, ARB. 5.6.10-14

complexity of implementing measures ARB. 5.3, ARB. 5.5.2

“complexity” as legal criterion ARB. 5.5.10

contentiousness, relevance ARB. 5.5

developing countries and (DSU 21.2) ARB. 5.10

economic harm likely to accrue to nationals of other Members, relevance ARB. 5.9

economic and social conditions, relevance ARB. 2.7, ARB. 5.8

EU procedures and ARB. 5.4.11-12, ARB. 5.5.11, ARB. 5.6.11-12

flexibility of legislative process, obligation to use ARB. 2.10, ARB. 4.3.12, ARB. 5.12

legislative schedule, relevance ARB. 5.11

“particular circumstances” ARB. 5

shortest period possible within Member’s normal legislative process ARB. 4.3, ARB. 5.1.5-9, ARB. 5.7.2, ARB. 5.9.2, ARB. 5.10.5, ARB. 6.5

structural adjustment, relevance of need for ARB. 5.7

“time … shorter or longer, depending on the particular circumstances” (DSU 21.3(c)) ARB. 4.1.5, ARB. 4.2.1-9

time to conduct studies, exclusion ARB. 2.2-3, ARB. 5.4.3

mandate of arbitrator, limitation to determination of reasonable period of time for implementation (DSU 21.3(c)) ARB. 1, ARB. 5.3.3, ARB. 5.6.7, ARB. 6.4

prompt compliance (DSU 21.1) R.4.3.4, ARB. 2

actions taken since DSB adoption of report, relevance ARB. 5.2

discretion and ARB. 2.5-6

Import Licensing Agreement: see Licensing Agreement

income tax, marketing cost, whether A.1.29.1

inferences from party’s refusal to provide information, panel’s right to draw I.1

obligation to respond promptly to panel’s requests for information and (DSU 13.1) I.1.1, S.4.9-10

panel’s discretion and I.1.1, I.1.4, I.1.6

panel’s obligation to make objective assessment of facts (DSU 11) and I.1.3

failure to draw inferences as error of law I.1.5-6

refusal to provide information as a “fact” I.1.5-6

information or technical advice, panel’s right to seek (DSU 13): see also amicus curiae briefs; International Monetary Fund (IMF)/WTO relationship; standard of review (DSU 11)

burden of proof and B.3.1.6, B.3.2.3, B.3.2.4, S.4.7, S.7.3.8

expert evidence (DSU 13.2) S.7.3.7

individual advice, right to seek S.4.1-2

opinion based on data available at time of determination E.3.6

timing of request for in relation to establishment of prima facie case B.3.2.5

obligation to respond fully and promptly (DSU 13.1) I.1.1, S.4.8, S.4.9, S.4.11

panel’s rights

not to seek A.2.1.3, E.3.3, S.4.3-5, S.4.12-14, S.7.3.3, S.7.3.15

to accept or reject requested information or advice A.2.1.3, A.2.1.5, E.3.3, S.4.4-5

to accept or reject unrequested information or advice S.4.5

to establish group of experts S.4.1, W.3.2

to evaluate information or advice A.2.1.3, E.3.3

to evaluate source of information or advice A.2.1.3, E.3.3

to make ad hoc rules S.4.2, W.3.2

rectification of failure to meet requirements for establishment of panel and (DSU 6.2) C.7.1

refusal to provide, panel’s right to draw inferences I.1: see also inferences from party’s refusal to provide information, panel’s right to draw

prompt and satisfactory resolution of disputes, Members’ right to (DSU 3), effect on I.1

information or technical advice, panel’s right to seek (SPS 11.2)

burden of proof and B.3.1.6, B.3.2.3, S.4.7, S.7.3.8

panel’s obligation to seek (SPS 11.2) S.4.6

panel’s right to establish group of experts S.4.1

injury: see Anti-Dumping Agreement (AD), determination of injury (AD 3); Anti-Dumping Agreement (AD), sunset review (AD 11.3), “likelihood” test, continuance or recurrence of injury; safeguard measures (Safeguards Agreement (SG)/GATT XIX (emergency action)), conditions (SG 2); safeguard measures, determination of serious injury or threat thereof (SG 4), requirements; SCM Agreement, determination of injury (SCM 15); Textiles and Clothing Agreement (ATC), transitional safeguards (ATC 6), serious damage or actual threat thereof (ATC 6(2)), Member’s determination of

International Monetary Fund (IMF)/WTO relationship I.2

consultations, requirement for (GATT XV:2) I.2.2

obligation on part of WTO to accept IMF’s determinations, whether I.2.3

exchange measures outside IMF’s jurisdiction, provision of information on request I.2.2

panel’s obligation to make independent assessment I.2.3

exchange measures within IMF’s jurisdiction, Fund’s duty to inform of consistency in cases involving (IMF-WTO Agreement, para. 8) I.2.2, S.4.3

GATT VIII obligations and I.2.1

panel’s obligation to examine views critically S.7.3.10

interpretation of covered agreements, applicable law

customary rules of interpretation of public international law [as codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969)] A.1.4A.1, I.3.1, I.3.5.2, I.3.7.1, P.3.4.5

AD 17.6(ii) A.3.60.2, A.3.60.4, A.3.60.5

defences and exceptions B.3.3.11

GATT XX G.3.2.1, N.1.12.1

DSU 3.2 A.3.60.2, B.3.1.15

SPS P.3.5.1

Schedules of Concessions: see GATS, Schedules of Specific Commitments (GATS XX), interpretation, applicable law; Schedules of Concessions (GATT II), interpretation and clarification, applicable law

interpretation of covered agreements, guidelines

absence of provision, relevance A.1.18.3, A.1.18.4, A.1.37.2, A.2.1.7, I.3.3.1-3, S.2.16.1, S.2.21.2

conformity with other Articles A.1.14.3, C.2.4

effectiveness principle (ut res magis valeat quam pereat/effet utile) G.3.2.1, I.3.7, N.1.1.2, N.1.12.1, S.6.1.4

meaning to be attributed to every word and phrase A.1.10.1, A.1.24.1, A.1.27.4, A.1.38.10, I.3.7.4-9, I.3.7.10, P.2.3.1, S.1.44.1

multiple authentic languages (VC 33), presumption of same meaning (VC 33(3)) I.3.11.3

evolutionary nature of GATT 1994 G.3.7.2

flexibility/certainty of the law, balance I.3.1.2

grammar, respect for A.1.9.1, A.3.39.1, G.1.3.5.1

Harmonized System of Customs Classification and Explanatory Notes N.1.3.2.2, T.1.2.2

legitimate expectations, relevance I.3.5, N.3.1

panel reports and S.8.1, S.8.2

specific language, need for I.3.5.2-4

tariff concessions in Member’s schedule and I.3.5.4, T.1.2.1, T.1.2.6

unilateral nature of I.3.5.4, T.1.2.1

multiple authentic languages (VC 33) I.3.11, N.1.9.1.2

effectiveness principle and I.3.11.3

meaning which best reconciles texts (VC 33(4)) I.3.11.1

presumption of same meaning (VC 33(3)) I.3.11.2-3, I.3.11.5, S.2.19B.3.1

“stronger” language in two of three authentic languages, preference for I.3.11.4

multiple meanings G.1.2.1.2-3, I.3.2.10-11

multiple permissible interpretations A.3.58.5, A.3.60

benefit of doubt to challenged measure A.3.60.1

compliance with one permissible interpretation, sufficiency A.3.60.2

“permissible” A.3.60.2, A.3.60.5

narrow/broad interpretation A.3.43.1, D.1.3, M.1.9, N.1.3.1.1, N.1.10.2, S.2.1.3, S.6.3.6, S.6.19.1

waivers W.1.3

natural meaning: see ordinary meaning below

object and purpose A.1.29B.1, D.1.4, D.1.6, E.1.2.4-6, G.1.3.4.6, G.3.7.3, I.3.1.4, I.3.2.5-6, M.2.1.4, N.1.6.2, N.1.6.4, N.1.9.2.3, P.1.3.1, R.1.1.1, R.2.3.6, S.2.1.1, S.2.42.1, W.2.1.1-2

consistency with object and purpose of Article as a whole A.1.33A.4

preamble as evidence of A.1.5A.2, S.2.1.1, W.4.1.1

ordinary meaning A.1.2.1, A.1.10.1, A.1.32A.1, A.1.32A.4, A.3.16.1, A.3.59.1, C.7.12, E.1.1.2-3, G.1.1.1, I.3.1.4, I.3.2.8, I.3.7.3, M.1.10, N.1.6.1, S.1.8.2, S.1.19.1, S.2.41.1, T.1.1.3, W.1.3: see also text/plain language below

“market” S.2.19B.1.3-5

“suppression” O.2.9, S.2.19B.3.1, S.2.19B.4.1-2

parties’ intentions (VC 31(1))

common intention I.3.5.4, I.3.10.4, T.1.2.1, T.1.5.1-2

preamble as reflection of G.3.7.3, I.3.6.1

plain and ordinary meaning: see ordinary meaning above; text/plain language below

presumption of consistency (SPS 3.2) S.6.6.1, S.6.6.3

same or closely related phrases in different agreements A.1.3.3, A.1.4.1, A.1.4.2, A.1.32A.2, A.3.55.3, A.3.62.2, A.3.63.3, B.3.1.11, G.1.1.1, G.4.1.1-2, I.3.3.1-2, L.2.4, M.2.2.1, N.1.3.1.4, N.1.9.1.1, N.1.10.2, N.1.14.1, S.2.16.1, S.2.32.2

AG 1(e)/SCM 3.1(a): see export subsidy, definition, “contingent upon export performance” (AG 1(e)/SCM 3.1(a))

context, relevance S.2.19B.5.3

cross-referencing, role A.3.49.1, I.3.3.2, S.2.21.2, S.2.32.2

same or closely related phrases in same agreement A.1.5A.1, A.1.34D.3.1-2, A.3.9A.1, G.1.3.4.4, S.1.13.1.1-2, S.1.14.1, S.2.19B.6.3

structure of agreement G.1.1.9, G.1.2.2.4

text/plain language A.1.14B.1, A.1.17.3, G.1.3.5.2, I.3.1.5, I.3.2, S.2.42.1

legitimate expectations and I.3.5.2-4

interpretation of covered agreements, means

context I.3.1.4, I.3.2.4-6, I.3.3, N.1.4.1, S.2.41.1, S.2.42.1: see also interpretation of covered agreements, guidelines, same or closely related phrases in different agreements

AG 2/SCM Agreement Illustrative List A.1.34.10

AG 4.2/GATT II:2 and Annex 5 C.28

any agreement made between the parties (VC 31(2)(a)) or accepted by parties (VC 31(2)(b)) G.1.2.2.1-2

Central Product Classification (CPC) and Services Sectoral Classification List (W/120), whether G.1.2.2.1-2, I.3.3.4-5

Article as a whole A.1.34D.2.6, G.1.3.4.5

GATT VI/AD, interrelationship A.3.64, A.3.65

GATT VI/SCM Agreement, interrelationship S.2.41

GATT III:1/GATT III as a whole N.1.1.2-4

historical background to conclusion of treaty I.3.10.3, I.3.10.6

surrounding language A.1.14.3, A.3.36.1

treaty/treaties as a whole A.1.34C.5.1, I.3.7.7, S.2.9.7, S.2.41.3, S.6.14.2, S.6.17.1, S.6.17.2, S.6.20.1, T.7.1.1, ARB. 5.10.1

dictionaries A.1.16.1, A.1.17.1, E.1.2.1, G.1.2.1.2, G.1.3.4.2, I.3.2.7-8, I.3.2.9-10, N.1.9.1.2, S.2.19B.1.3

footnotes to treaty A.3.15A.1, A.3.61.14, S.2.36.9, S.6.8.4

GATT acquis A.3.55.3, A.3.62.2, J.2.1.9, L.1.1, M.1.1-2

in dubio mitius principle I.3.8, S.6.6.2

definition I.3.8.1

as supplementary means of interpretation I.3.8.1

legislative history (domestic) I.3.4

ambiguity, relevance in absence of I.3.4.2

conclusiveness I.3.4.2

Lomé Convention L.3

multiple authentic languages N.1.9.1.2: see also interpretation of covered agreements, guidelines, multiple authentic languages (VC 33)

non-authentic text, relevance G.1.2.1.2, I.3.2.10

preamble of agreement under consideration L.2.1-2, P.3.5.1, S.6.8.2

as evidence of intention of parties G.3.7.3, I.3.6.1

as evidence of object and purpose S.2.1.1

preamble (WTO) E.1.5.1, G.3.7.3, I.3.6

preamble/chapeau of Article under discussion A.1.34C.2.5-6, A.1.38.8, G.1.3.3.1, G.4.5.1-4

preparatory work

Agreement on Agriculture (AG) A.1.33A.7, A.1.37.2, I.3.10.11

classification practice I.3.10.3-5, T.1.2.3-5, T.1.5.2-3

Enabling Clause E.1.2.4

evidence to support claim, need for I.3.10.10

GATS G.1.2.2.10-12, G.1.3.4.6, G.1.3.5.4, I.3.10.14

record of negotiations, need for I.3.10.7

SCM Agreement S.2.3.1 n. 35

Understanding on the Balance-of-Payments Provisions of the GATT 1994, Footnote 1 I.3.10.7

subsequent practice which establishes parties’ agreement on interpretation (VC 31(3)(b)) I.3.9

agreement, need for G.1.2.2.9, I.3.9.6

common practice, need for G.1.2.2.9, I.3.9.1, I.3.9.3-4

2001 GATS Guidelines, whether G.1.2.2.9, I.3.9.6

consistency of practice, need for G.1.2.2.9, I.3.9.1, I.3.9.3

Members’ practice in notifying export credit guarantee programmes, whether I.3.9.6

panel reports, whether I.3.9.2, S.8.1

supplementary means (VC 32) I.3.8.1, I.3.10: see also context and preparatory work above

in case of ambiguity G.1.2.2.10, I.3.10.2, I.3.10.8, I.3.10.11, I.3.10.13

as customary international law I.3.10.1

intepretative document issued by party I.3.10.16

need to identify as such I.3.10.9

title A.1.29B.1, L.2.1-2, S.1.35.4, T.9.3.1

World Customs Organization decisions T.1.2.2

interpretation of covered agreements, specific terms and phrases¹

“affecting”

DSU 4.2 C.7.11-13

GATS I C.7.19, G.1.1.1, G.1.1.8, N.1.10.2, R.2.3.15, T.6.3.11

GATT III:4 G.1.1.1, N.1.10

“any measures of the kind” (AG 4.2 and Footnote 1) A.1.10

“converted into” A.1.10.3

“c.i.f. import price” (AG 5.1(b)) A.1.14.1, A.1.14.2

“conclusion” (SG 3.1) S.1.22.1

“contingent”: see export subsidy, definition, “contingent upon export performance” (AG 1(e)/SCM 3.1(a)); subsidies, prohibited (SCM, Part II), “contingent upon the use of domestic over imported products” (SCM 3.1(b))

“directly competitive or substitutable products”: see directly competitive or substitutable products (GATT III:2)

“discriminate” / “non-discriminatory”: see also Enabling Clause, conformity with GSP (generalized, non-reciprocal and non-discriminatory treatment), need for (Enabling Clause, para 2(a)), “discriminate” / “non-discriminatory”

discrimination and justifiable differentiation distinguished S.7A.1.2

“financed”: see payments on export of agricultural product financed by virtue of governmental action (AG 9.1(c))

“for the purpose of this agreement” (AD 2.1) A.3.8.1, A.3.49.0, A.3.49.1

“for the purpose of this agreement” (SCM 1.1) S.2.2.2

“goods” (SCM 1.1(a)(iii)) S.2.1.2, S.2.6

“government” (AG 9.1(a)): see “government” (AG 9.1(a))

“government agency” (AG 9.1(a)): see “government agency” (AG 9.1(a))

“in accordance with”

AG 1(a)(ii) A.1.2.1

Enabling Clause, para. 2(a) E.1.1.2

“include” (AG 4.2, Footnote 1) A.1.10.2

“investigation” S.1.19.1

“less favourable treatment”: see MFN treatment (GATS II), “treatment no less favourable” (GATS II:1); national treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4), “less favourable treatment”; national treatment (TRIPS), “less favourable treatment”

“like”: see “like” entries

“matter”: see terms of reference of panels (DSU 7), “matter referred to the DSB”, as identified in DSU 6.2

“measure”: see “measure”

“minimum import price” (AG 4.2, Footnote 1) A.1.11.1

“neutral in application and administered in a fair and equitable manner” (LA 1.3)/ “administer in a uniform, impartial and reasonable manner” (GATT X:3(a)), equivalence L.2.4

“objective assessment of matter before it”: see Anti-Dumping Agreement (AD), standard/powers of review (AD 17.6); standard of review (DSU 11)

“ordinary customs duty” (AG 4.2) A.1.10.4, A.1.13.1

“payments” / “payment-in-kind”: see payments on export of agricultural product financed by virtue of governmental action (AG 9.1(c))

“proceedings” C.6.1

“proper”: see Anti-Dumping Agreement (AD), standard/powers of review (AD 17.6)

“reasonable period”: see Anti-Dumping Agreement (AD), evidentiary rules (AD 6), facts available to investigating authority, right to use (AD 6.8/Annex II); implementation of recommendations and rulings of the DSB (DSU 21.3), impracticality of immediate compliance/reasonable period of time (DSU 21.3, chapeau)

“reasoned” (SG 3.1) S.1.22.1

“relating to” (GATT XX(g)) G.3.9

“resulted”

SCM 6.1 S.2.19B.8.3

SCM 7.8 I.1, S.2.19C

“sector” (DSU 22.3(f)) G.1.2.2.4-5

“sector” (GATS XX) G.1.2.2.4-5

“service”: see GATS, applicability (GATS I)

“similar border measures” (AD 4.2, Footnote 1) A.1.12.1

“subsidy”: see subsidy, definition

“threat” (AG 10.1) A.1.32A.1, M.1.10

“unbiased and objective”: see Anti-Dumping Agreement (AD), standard/powers of review (AD 17.6)

“variable import levy” (AD 4.2, Footnote 1) A.1.10.3, A.1.11.1, A.1.13

“which have been required to be” (AG 4.2) A.1.9.1

investigation of conditions for safeguard measures, requirements (SG 3.1/SG 4.2(c)) S.1.18: see also safeguard measures (Safeguards Agreement (SG)/GATT XIX (emergency action)), determination of serious injury or threat thereof (SG 4), requirements

detailed analysis S.1.18.1, S.7.5.3

dispute settlement proceedings distinguished S.1.19.4

evaluation of all factors S.1.19.3, S.1.26.1

obligation of competent authorities to seek information additional to that supplied by interested parties S.1.26.2

findings and reasoned conclusions S.1.18.1, S.1.22, S.7.5.3-4

“conclusion” S.1.22.1

covering pertinent issues of fact and law S.1.18.1-2, S.1.33.1, S.1.46.1-3

demonstration of relevance of factors examined S.1.18.1

multiple explanations S.1.20.2

“reasoned” S.1.22.1

interested parties

notification to S.1.19.2