Technical Notes on Country Pages

Only duties and imports recorded under HS Chapters 01-97 are taken into account. National tariff lines that do not follow the corresponding standard HS nomenclature at the level of HS six-digit subheadings used by the country for the reference year were discarded and not taken into account. All calculations are based on the complete standard nomenclature. All simple averages are based on pre-aggregated HS six-digit averages. Pre-aggregation means that duties at the tariff line level are first averaged to HS six-digit subheadings. Subsequent calculations are based on these pre-aggregated averages. To the extent possible, non-ad valorem duties are converted into ad valorem equivalents. The methodology used for the conversion is in Technical Annex B of World Tariff Profiles 2006.

Part A.1	Tariffs and imports: Summary and duty ranges
Summary
Row titles	Description or method of calculation
Simple average final bound	Simple average of final bound duties excluding unbound tariff lines.
Simple average MFN applied	Simple average of MFN applied duties.
Trade weighted average	HS six-digit MFN tariff averages weighted with HS six-digit import flows.
Imports in billion US$	Imports in billion US$.
Binding coverage	Share of HS six-digit subheadings containing at least one bound tariff line. The percentage share is also presented separately for non-agricultural (Non-AG) tariff lines. Full binding coverage is indicated by 100 without further decimals. If some tariff lines are unbound but the result still rounds to 100 this is reflected by maintaining one decimal, i.e. 100.0.
Ag: Tariff quotas (in %)	Per cent of HS six-digit subheadings in the schedule of agricultural concession covered by tariff quotas. Partial coverage is taken into account on a pro rata basis.
Ag: Special safeguards (in %)	Per cent of HS six-digit subheadings in the schedule of agricultural concessions with at least one tariff line subject to Special Safeguards (SSG). Partial coverage is taken into account on a pro rata basis.

Frequency distribution by duty ranges
The shares by duty ranges in the frequency distribution are based on the pro rata shares of tariff line level duties in the standard HS six-digit subheadings. For example, if there are two tariff lines in one HS six-digit subheading, one with a duty of 10 and one with a duty of 20, then half of the HS six-digit subheading is allocated to the 5-10 range and the other half to the 15-25 range. The frequency distribution includes AVEs whenever those were calculated. The percentages by duty ranges add up to 100 per cent for MFN applied duties unless there are non-computable AVEs or missing tariff lines for which no separate category was allocated. For bound duties, the duty ranges add up to the percentage of the binding coverage unless there are non-computable AVEs or missing tariff lines. Please note that the use of different nomenclatures for bound and MFN applied duties affects the comparability of bound and MFN applied duty shares by frequency ranges. When trade is available at the tariff line level, imports are allocated on a tariff line basis to the respective duty ranges. Otherwise, HS six-digit imports are allocated on a pro rata basis to duty ranges, e.g. if there are two tariff lines in one HS six-digit subheading, one with a duty of 10 and one with a duty of 20 then half of the HS six-digit imports are allocated to the 5-10 range and the other half to the 15-25 range. Share of HS six-digit subheadings subject to non-ad valorem duties. When only part of the HS six-digit subheading is subject to non-ad valorem duties, the percentage share of these tariff lines is used.


Part A.2	Tariffs and imports by product groups
Column heading		Description or method of calculation
Final bound duties	AVG	Simple average of final bound duties excluding unbound tariff lines.
	Duty-free in %	Share of duty-free HS six-digit subheadings in the total number of subheadings in the product group. Partially duty-free subheadings are taken into account on a pro rata basis.
	Max	Highest ad valorem duty or calculated AVE within the product group.
	Binding in %	Share of HS six-digit subheadings containing at least one bound tariff line. Full binding coverage is indicated by 100 without further decimals. If some tariff lines are unbound but the result still rounds to 100 this is reflected by maintaining one decimal, i.e. 100.0.
MFN applied duties	AVG	Simple average of MFN applied duties.
	Duty-free in %	Share of duty-free HS six-digit subheadings in the total number of subheadings in the product group. Partially duty-free subheadings are taken into account on a pro rata basis.
	Max	Highest ad valorem duty or calculated AVE within the product group.
Imports	Share in %	Share of imports falling under product group.
Imports	Duty-free in %	Share of MFN duty-free imports falling under product group in total imports in that product group. Partially duty-free subheadings are taken into account on a pro rata basis if tariff line imports are not available.


Part B	Exports to major trading partners and duties faced
Column heading	Description or method of calculation
Bilateral imports	in million US$	Total imports of major partner countries.
Diversification: 95 % trade in no. of	HS 2-digit	Number of HS Chapters with trade flows after exclusion of 5 per cent of smallest bilateral tariff line trade flows.
Diversification: 95 % trade in no. of	HS 6-digit	Number of HS six-digit subheadings with trade flows after exclusion of 5 per cent of smallest bilateral tariff line trade flows.
MFN AVG of traded TL	Simple	Simple average of MFN duties based only on tariff lines with imports.
MFN AVG of traded TL	Weighted	Trade-weighted average MFN duty.
Pref. margin	Weighted	Trade-weighted average difference between the MFN duty and the most advantageous preferential duty. Tariff lines where either MFN or preferential duties cannot be expressed in ad valorem terms have been excluded.
Duty-free imports	TL in %	Duty-free tariff lines in per cent of all traded tariff lines; includes duty-free preferential treatment. Partially duty-free subheadings are taken into account on a pro rata basis if tariff line imports are not available.
Duty-free imports	Value in %	Share of duty-free trade in per cent of all bilateral trade flows; includes duty-free preferential treatment. Partially duty-free subheadings are taken into account on a pro rata basis if tariff line imports are not available.


Definition of product groups used in part A.2

Product Group	MTN ¹	Harmonized System Nomenclature 2017
Agricultural products (Ag)
Animal products	17	Ch. 01, Ch. 02, 1601-02
Dairy products	21	0401-06
Fruits, vegetables, plants	12	Ch. 07, Ch. 08, 1105-06, 2001-08
Fruits, vegetables, plants	19	0601-03, 1211, Ch. 13, Ch. 14
Coffee, tea	13	0901-03, Ch. 18 (except 1802), 2101
Cereals and preparations	x15	0407-10, 1101-04, 1107-09, Ch. 19, 2102-06, 2209
Cereals and preparations	16	Ch. 10
Oilseeds, fats & oils	18	1201-08, Ch. 15 (except 150410, 150420), 2304-06, 3823
Sugars and confectionary	14	Ch. 17
Beverages and tobacco	20	2009, 2201-08
Beverages and tobacco	22	Ch. 24
Cotton	x23	5201-5203
Other agricultural products	x15	0904-10
Other agricultural products	x23	Ch.05 (except 0508, 051191), 0604, 1209-10, 1212-14, 1802, 230110, 2302-03, 2307- 09, 290543-45, 3301, 3501-05, 380910, 382460, 4101-03, 4301, 5001- 03, 5101-03, 5301-02
Non-agricultural products (Non-Ag)
Fish and fish products	11	Ch. 03, 0508, 051191, 150410, 150420, 1603-05, 230120
Minerals and metals	4	2601-17, 2620, Ch. 72-76 (except 7321-22), Ch. 78-83 (except 8304-05)
Minerals and metals	9	Ch. 25, 2618-19, 2621, 2701-04, 2706- 08, 2711-15, Ch.31, 3403, Ch. 68-71 (except 6807, 701911-19, 701940-59), 911310-20
Petroleum	97	2709-10
Chemicals ²	5	2705, Ch. 28-30 (except 290543-45, 300590), Ch. 32- 33 (except 3301, 330620) , Ch. 34 (except 3403, 3406), 3506-07, 3601-04, Ch. 37-39 (except 380910, 3823, 382460, 392112-13, 392190)
Wood, paper, etc.	1	Ch.44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 9401-04 (except 940490), 961900
Textiles	x2	300590, 330620, 392112-13, 392190, 420212, 420222, 420232, 420292, Ch. 50-60 (except 5001-03, 5101-03, 5201-03, 5301- 02), Ch. 63, 640520, 640610, 6501-05, 6601, 701911-19, 701940-59, 870821, 8804, 911390, 940490, 961210
Clothing	x2	Ch. 61-62
Leather, footwear, etc.	3	Ch. 40, Ch. 41 (except 4101-4103), 4201-05 (except 420212, 420222, 420232, 420292), 4302-04, Ch. 64 (except 640520, 640610), 9605
Non-electrical machinery	7	7321-22, Ch. 84 (except 846721-29), 850860, 852842, 852852, 852862, 8608, 8709
Electrical machinery	8	846721-29, Ch. 85 (except 850860, 852842, 852852, 852862, 8519-8523 but including 852352)
Transport equipment	6	Ch. 86 (except 8608), 8701-08 (except 870821), 8711-14, 8716, 8801-03, Ch. 89
Manufactures, not elsewhere specified	10	2716, 3406, 3605-06, 4206, Ch. 46, 6506-07, 6602-03, Ch. 67, 6807, 8304-05, 8519-23 (except 852352), 8710, 8715, 8805, Ch. 90-93(except 9113), 9405-06, Ch. 95-97 (except 9605, 961210, 961900)

1. Multilateral Trade Negotiations (MTN) categories were first defined in the Tokyo Round and adapted for the Harmonized System in the Uruguay Round. The product group breakdown in this publication deviates slightly from the previous definition, which was based on the HS 1992 nomenclature.
2. The part of HS subheading 330210 which relates to products originally classified as agricultural has not been taken into account in the Chemicals product group.

Abbreviations used

AVG	Average
Ag	Agricultural products
AVE	Ad valorem equivalent
HS	Harmonized System (nomenclature)
Max	Maximum duty
MFN	Most favoured nation
NAV	Non-ad valorem duty
Non-Ag	Non agricultural products
TL	Tariff line
UV	Unit value

Notations used

-	Not applicable
0	= 0 (not rounded)
0.0	> 0 and < 0.05
Blank	Bound or applied duties and/or imports are not available at all for a given country or customs territory
Italics	Maxima, based on AVE estimates are printed in italics; this also applies in cases when the ad valorem part of a compound or mixed duty as ceiling or floor.
US$	United States dollar