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Table of contents back to top
I. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994
back to top
A. Text of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994
B. Interpretation and application of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994
1. Paragraph 1
(a) Paragraph 1(b)
(i) Item (iv) — “other decisions of the CONTRACTING PARTIES to GATT
1947”
(b) Relationship with Article XVI:1 of the WTO Agreement
II.
Article I back to top
A. Text of
Article I
B. Text of AD
Article I
C. Interpretation and
application of Article I
1. Paragraph 1
(a) General
(i) Object and purpose
(ii) Scope of application
(iii) Order of examination
(b) “any advantage,
favour, privilege or
immunity granted by any Member”
(i) General interpretation
(ii) Allocation of tariff quotas
(iii) Reference to GATT practice
(c) “like products”
(d) “any product originating in or destined
for an other country”
(e) “shall be accorded immediately and
unconditionally”
(i) Interpretation
(ii) Reference to GATT practice
D. Relationship with other Articles
1. Article III
(a) Reference to GATT practice
2. Article VI
3. Article XI
4. Article XIII
5. Article XXIV
6. Article XXVIII
E. Relationship with other WTO Agreements
1. SCM Agreement
F. Exceptions
1. Anti-dumping and countervailing duties
(a) Article VI of GATT 1994
(i) Reference to GATT practice
2. Frontier traffic and customs unions
(a) Article XXIV of GATT 1994
(b) Reference to GATT practice
3. Enabling Clause
(a) Adoption of Enabling Clause
(b) Generalized System of Preferences
(c) Regional trade arrangements among developing
country Members
(d) Special treatment of the least-developed
countries
(e) Reference to GATT practice
4. Waiver on Preferential Tariff Treatment for
Least-Developed Countries
III.
Article II back to top
A. Text of
Article II
B. Text of AD
Article II
C. Interpretation and
application of Article II
1. Paragraph 1(a)
(a) Bonding requirements
(b) Implementation in WTO Schedules of HS changes
(c) Database for tariffs
(i) Integrated Data Base
(IDB) Project
(ii) Consolidated Tariff Schedule Data Base
(iii) Review of the Understanding on the
Interpretation of Article XXVIII of GATT 1994
(d) Information technology products
(i) The Ministerial Declaration on Trade in
Information Technology Products
(ii) The Committee of Participants on the
Expansion of Trade in Information Technology Products
2. Paragraph 1(b)
(a) Article II:1(b) First sentence
(i) “subject to the terms, conditions or
qualifications set forth”
(ii) Interpretation of tariff concessions in a
Schedule
(iii) “ordinary customs duties”
(iv) “in excess of”
(b) Article II:1(b) Second sentence
3. Relationship between paragraphs 1(a) and 1(b)
4. Paragraph 5
5. Article II:7
D. Relationship with other Articles
1. General
2. Article III
3. Article XI
4. Article XIII
5. Article XVII
E. Exceptions and Derogations from Article II
1. Waivers
F. Relationship with other WTO Agreements
1. Agreement on Agriculture
2. Licensing Agreement
IV.
Article III back to top
A. Text of
Article III
B. Text of AD
Article III
C. Interpretation and
application of Article III
1. General
(a) Purpose of Article III
(i) Avoidance of protectionism in the application
of internal measures
(ii) Protection of tariff commitments under
Article III/Relevance of tariff concessions
(iii) Comparison with competition law
(iv) Reference to GATT practice
(b) Scope of application
— measures imposed at
the time or point of importation
(i) State trading enterprises
(ii) Reference to GATT practice
(c) Relevance of policy purpose of internal
measures / “aims-and-effects” test
(i) Reference to GATT practice
(d) Relevance of trade effects
(i) Reference to GATT practice
(e) State trading monopolies
(i) Reference to GATT practice
2. Paragraph 1
(a) Relationship between paragraph 1 and
paragraphs 2, 4 and 5
(i) Reference to GATT practice
3. Paragraph 2
(a) General
(i) General distinction between first and second
sentences
(ii) Relationship with paragraph 1
(iii) Legal status of Ad Article III
(b) Paragraph 2, first sentence
(i) General
(ii) “like domestic products”
(iii) “internal tax or other internal charge
of any kind”
(iv) “in excess of those applied”
(v) Applied,
“directly or indirectly”,
to like domestic products
(c) Paragraph 2, second sentence
(i) General
(ii) “directly competitive or substitutable
products”
(iii) “not similarly taxed”
(iv) “so as to afford protection to domestic
production”
4. Paragraph 4
(a) General
(i) Test under paragraph 4
(ii) Burden of proof
(iii) Relationship with other paragraphs of
Article III
(b) “like products”
(i) General
(ii) Relevant factors
(iii) Reference to GATT practice
(c) “laws, regulations or requirements”
(i) Differences from
“measures” under
Article XXIII:1(b)
(ii) Non-mandatory measures
(iii) Action of private parties
(iv) The term
“requirement”
(v) Reference to GATT practice
(d) “affecting the internal sale, offering
for sale, purchase …”
(i) Reference to GATT practice
(e) “treatment no less favourable”
(i) General
(ii) Methodology of comparison
(f) Relationship with other GATT provisions
(i) Relationship with Article XX
(ii) Relationship with Article XXIII:1(b)
(g) Reference to GATT practice
5. Paragraph 8
(a) Item (b)
(i) “the payment of subsidies exclusively to
domestic producers”
(b) Reference to GATT practice
D. Relationship with other Articles
1. Article I
2. Article II
(a) Reference to GATT practice
3. Article VI
4. Article XI
(a) Reference to GATT practice
5. Article XVII
(a) Reference to GATT practice
E. Relationship with other WTO
Agreements
1. General
2. SPS Agreement
3. TBT Agreement
4. SCM Agreement
5. TRIMs Agreement
6. GATS
V.
Article IV back to top
A. Text of
Article IV
B. Interpretation and
application of Article IV
1. Reference to GATT practice
VI.
Article V back to top
A. Text of
Article V
B. Text of AD
Article V
C. Interpretation and
application of Article V
1. Reference to GATT practice
VII.
Article VI back to top
A. Text of
Article VI
B. Text of AD
Article VI
C. Interpretation and
application of Article VI
1. Scope of Article VI
(a) Investigation initiated before entry into
force of WTO Agreement
(b) Anti-dumping measures other than anti-dumping
duties
2. Reference to GATT practice
3. Interpretative materials
(a) Tokyo Round Agreements
(b) Anti-Dumping Agreement
(c) SCM Agreement
4. Challenge against a law as such under Article
VI
5. Paragraph 1
(a) Elements of Paragraph 1
(b) Material injury
6. Paragraph 2
D. Relationship with other Articles
1. Article I
2. Article II
3. Article III
4. Article XI
E. Relationship with other WTO
Agreements
1. Anti-Dumping Agreement
2. Tokyo Round Agreement on Interpretation and
Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade
3. SCM Agreement
VIII.
Article VII back to top
A. Text of
Article VII
B. Text of AD
Article VII
C. Interpretation and
application of Article VII
1. Reference to GATT practice
IX.
Article VIII back to top
A. Text of
Article VIII
B. Text of AD
Article VIII
C. Interpretation and
application of Article VIII
1. Paragraph 1
(a) Subparagraph (a)
2. Reference to GATT practice
D. Relationship with other WTO
Agreements
1. WTO Agreement
2. Agreement between the IMF and the WTO
3. Declaration on Coherence
X.
Article IX back to top
A. Text of
Article IX
B. Interpretation and
application of Article IX
1. Reference to GATT practice
XI.
Article X back to top
A. Text of
Article X
B. Interpretation and
application of Article X
1. General
2. Paragraph 1
(a) “of general application”
(i) Interpretation
(ii) Reference to GATT practice
3. Paragraph 2
(a) General
4. Paragraph 3
(a) General
(i) Scope of paragraph 3
(b) Subparagraph (a)
(i) Scope of subparagraph (a)
(ii) “administer in a uniform, impartial and
reasonable manner”
(iii) Reference to GATT practice
(c) Subparagraph (c)
(i) “the date of this Agreement”
C. Relationship with other Articles
1. General
2. Article I
3. Article III
4. Reference to GATT practice
D. Relationship with other WTO
Agreements
1. Licensing Agreement
2. Anti-Dumping Agreement
XII.
Article XI back to top
A. Text of
Article XI
B. Text of AD
Article XI
C. Interpretation and
application of Article XI
1. General
(a) Status of Article XI in GATT
(b) Reference to GATT practice
(c) Burden of proof
2. Paragraph 1
(a) General
(b) “prohibitions or restrictions … on the
importation of any product”
(i) Scope
(ii) “prohibitions or restrictions … on the
exportation or sale for export of any product”
(iii) “restrictions made effective through
state-trading operations”
(iv) Bonding requirements
(v) Licensing requirements
(c) Reference to GATT practice
3. Notification Requirements
D. Relationship with other Articles
1. Article I
2. Article II
3. Article III
4. Article VI
5. Article XIII
6. Article XVII
7. Reference to GATT practice
E. Relationship with other WTO
Agreements
1. SPS Agreement
2. Anti-Dumping Agreement
XIII.
Article XII back to top
A. Text of
Article XII
B. Text of AD
Article XII
C. Understanding on
the Balance-of-Payments Provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade 1994
D. Interpretation and
application of Article XII
1. BOP
Understanding
E. Relationship with other Articles
1. Article
XVII
2. Article
XVIII
3. Reference
to GATT practice
XIV.
Article XIII back to top
A. Text of
Article XIII
B. Text of AD
Article XIII
C. Interpretation and
application of Article XIII
1. General
(a) Scope
of application
(b) Object
and purpose
2. Paragraph
1
3. Paragraph
2
(a) Chapeau
(b) Subparagraph
(a)
(c) Subparagraph
(d)
(i) Allocation
of import quotas to Members who have no “substantial interest”
(ii) Allocation
of tariff/import quotas to non-Members
D. Relationship with other Articles
1. Article
I
2. Article
II
3. Article
XI
4. Article
XXVIII
5. Reference
to GATT practice
E. Relationship with other WTO
Agreements
1. Agreement
on Agriculture
2. Agreement
on Safeguards
XV.
Article XIV back to top
A. Text of
Article XIV
B. Text of AD
Article XIV
C. Interpretation and
application of Article XIV
D. Relationship with other Articles
1. Article XVII
2. Reference to GATT practice
XVI.
Article XV back to top
A. Text of
Article XV
B. Text of AD
Article XV
C. Interpretation and
application of Article XV
1. Reference to GATT practice
XVII.
Article XVI back to top
A. Text of
Article XVI
B. Text of AD
Article XVI
C. Interpretation and
application of Article XVI
1. Paragraph 4
2. SCM Agreement
3. Reference to GATT practice
XVIII.
Article XVII back to top
A. Text of
Article XVII
B. Text of AD
Article XVII
C. Understanding on the Interpretation of Article XVII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994
D. Interpretation and
application of Article XVII
1. General
(a) Relationship between paragraphs 1(a) and 1(b)
of Article XVII
(b) Ad Note Articles XI, XII, XIII, XIV and XVIII
2. Paragraph 1(a)
(a) Reference to GATT practice
3. Paragraph 1(b)
(a) Reference to GATT practice
4. Paragraph 4
(a) Notification requirements
(b) Reference to GATT practice
5. Understanding on the Interpretation of Article
XVII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994
(a) Paragraph 1
(b) Paragraph 3
(c) Paragraph 5
(i) Working Party on State Trading Enterprises
(ii) “an illustrative list”
(iii) “general background paper”
E. Relationship with other Articles
1. Article I
2. Article II
(a) Reference to GATT practice
3. Article III
(a) Reference to GATT practice
4. Article XI
(a) Reference to GATT practice
5. Articles XII, XIII, XIV and XVIII
(a) Reference to GATT practice
F. Relationship with other WTO Agreements
1. Agreement on Agriculture
XIX.
Article XVIII back to top
A. Text of
Article XVIII
B. Text of AD
Article XVIII
C. Understanding on the Balance-of-Payments Provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994
D. Interpretation and
application of Article XVIII
1. Article XVIII:B
(a) General
(b) Jurisdiction of panels
(c) Right to maintain balance-of-payments measures
(d) Reference to GATT practice
2. Paragraph 9
(a) General
(b) Subparagraph (a)
3. Paragraph 11
(a) Burden of proof
(b) Note
Ad Article XVIII:11
(i) General
(ii) “would produce”
(iii) “thereupon”
(c) Proviso to Article XVIII:11
4. Paragraph 12
(a) Subparagraph (c)
5. Understanding on the Balance-of-Payments
Provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994
(a) General
(b) Footnote 1
(c) Paragraph 1
(d) Paragraph 5
(i) Committee on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions
(e) Paragraph 9
(f) Paragraph 13
(i) Interpretation
(ii) Reporting procedures
E. Relationship with other Articles
1. Articles XI, XIII, XIV and XVII
2. Article XII
3. Reference to GATT practice
XX.
Article XIX back to top
A. Text of
Article XIX
B. Interpretation and
application of Article XIX
1. General
(a) Application of Article XIX
2. Paragraph 1
(a) Subparagraph (a)
(i) “as a result of
“unforeseen
developments”
(ii) “as a result … of the effect of the
obligations incurred by a Member”
(iii) “being imported in such increased
quantities …
(iv) “under such conditions”
(v) “as to cause or threaten serious injury
to domestic producers”
3. Paragraph 2
(i) “shall give notice in writing to the
Contracting Parties as far as in advance as may be practicable”
(ii) “an opportunity to consult”
4. Reference to GATT practice
C. Relationship with the other WTO
Agreements
1. Agreement on Safeguards
XXI.
Article XX back to top
A. Text of
Article XX
B. Text of AD
Article XX
C. Interpretation and
application of Article XX
1. General
(a) Nature
and purpose of Article XX
(b) Structure
of Article XX
(i) Two-tier
test
(ii) Language
of paragraphs (a) to (i)
(c) Burden
of proof
2. Preamble
of Article XX (the “chapeau”)
(a) Scope
(b) “arbitrary
or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the same
conditions prevail”
(i) General
(ii) Type
of discrimination covered by the chapeau
(iii) Standard
of discrimination
(iv) Examples
of arbitrary and unjustifiable discrimination
(c) “disguised
restriction on international trade”
(d) Reference
to GATT practice
3. Paragraph
(b)
(a) General
(b) “necessary”
(i) Aspect
of measure to be justified as “necessary”
(ii) Treatment
of scientific data and risk assessment
(iii) “Reasonably
available” alternatives
(c) Reference
to GATT practice
4. Paragraph
(d)
(a) General
(b) “necessary”
(c) Aspect
of measure to be justified as “necessary”
(d) Reference
to GATT practice
5. Paragraph
(g): “relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural
resources”
(a) “the
conservation of exhaustible natural resources”
(i) Jurisdictional
limitations
(ii) “exhaustible”
natural resources
(iii) Reference
to GATT practice
(b) “relating
to”
(i) Aspect
of the measure to be justified as “relating to”
(ii) Meaning
of “relating to” and “primarily aimed at”
(c) “measures
made effective in conjunction with”
(d) Reference
to GATT practice
XXII.
Article XXI back to top
A. Text of
Article XXI
B. Interpretation and
application of Article XXI
1. Reference to GATT practice
XXIII.
Article XXII back to top
A. Text of
Article XXII
B. Interpretation and
application of Article XXII
XXIV.
Article XXIII back to top
A. Text of
Article XXIII
B. Interpretation and
application of Article XXIII
1. General
(a) Relationship
between Articles XXIII:1(a) and XXIII:1(b)
2. Article
XXIII:1(a)
3. Article
XXIII:1(b)
(a) Overview
of the non-violation complaint
(b) Purpose
(c) Scope
(d) Test
under Article XXIII:1(b)
(e) Burden
of proof
(f) “measure”
(g) “benefit”
(h) Legitimate
expectations
(i) “nullified
or impaired”
(j) Non-violation
complaints in relation to the Agreement on Government Procurement
(k) Relationship
with other WTO Agreements
(i) Anti-Dumping
Agreement
4. Article
XXIII:1(c)
5. Article
XXIII:2
6. Reference
to GATT practice
XXV.
Article XXIV back to top
A. Text of
Article XXIV
B. Text of AD
Article XXIV
C. Understanding on the Interpretation of Article
XXIV of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994
D. Interpretation and
application of Article XXIV
1. General
(a) Committee on Regional Trade Agreements
(b) Enabling Clause
(c) Reference to GATT practice
2. Paragraph 4
(a) Reference to GATT practice
3. Paragraph 5
(a) Chapeau
(i) Interpretation
(ii) Reference to GATT practice
(b) Paragraph 5(a)
(i) Link with the chapeau
(ii) “General incidence” of duties
(iii) “other regulations of commerce”
(iv) “Economic test”
(c) Relationship with other paragraphs
(d) Reference to GATT practice
4. Paragraph 7
(a) “Any contracting party
… shall promptly
notify the CONTRACTING PARTIES”
(i) Reporting requirements in accordance with
paragraph 11 of the Understanding
(ii) Examination of agreements
5. Paragraph 8
(a) Subparagraph 8(a)(i)
(b) Reference to GATT practice
(c) Subparagraph 8(a)(ii)
(i) Interpretation
(ii) Reference to GATT practice
E. Relationship with other Articles
1. Article XI
2. Article XIII
F. Relationship with other WTO
Agreements
1. Agreement on Safeguards
(a) Footnote 1 to Article 2.1
(b) Article 2.2
2. Agreement on Textiles and Clothing
G. Annex I
1. List of RTAs for which factual examinations
have been completed
H. Annex II
1. List of RTAs under factual examination
I. Annex III
1. List of RTAs for which factual examination has
not yet commenced
XXVI.
Article XXV back to top
A. Text of
Article XXV
B. Interpretation and
application of Article XXV
1. Reference to GATT practice
XXVII.
Article XXVI back to top
A. Text of
Article XXVI
B. Interpretation and
application of Article XXVI
1. Reference to GATT practice
XXVIII.
Article XXVII back to top
A. Text of
Article XXVII
B. Interpretation and
application of Article XXVII
1. Reference to GATT practice
XXIX.
Article XXVIII back to top
A. Text of
Article XXVIII
B. Text of AD
Article XXVIII
C. Understanding on the Interpretation of Article
XXVI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994
D. Interpretation and
application of Article XXVIII
1. Legal relevance of Article XXVIII negotiations in interpretation of GATT Articles
2. Review of the Understanding on the Interpretation of Article XXVIII of the GATT 1994
3. Reference to GATT Practice
XXX.
Article XXVIII bis back to top
A. Text of
Article XXVIII bis
B. Text of AD
Article XXVIII bis
C. Interpretation and
application of Article XXVIII bis
XXXI.
Article XXIX back to top
A. Text of
Article XXIX
B. Text of AD
Article XXIX
C. Interpretation and
application of Article XXIX
XXXII.
Article XXX back to top
A. Text of
Article XXX
B. Interpretation and
application of Article XXX
1. Reference to GATT practice
XXXIII.
Article XXXI back to top
A. Text of
Article XXXI
B. Interpretation and
application of Article XXXI
1. Reference to GATT practice
XXXIV.
Article XXXII back to top
A. Text of
Article XXXII
B. Interpretation and
application of Article XXXII
1. Reference to GATT practice
XXXV.
Article XXXIII back to top
A. Text of
Article XXXIII
B. Interpretation and
application of Article XXXIII
1. Reference to GATT practice
XXXVI.
Article XXXIV back to top
A. Text of
Article XXXIV
B. Interpretation and
application of Article XXXIV
1. Reference to GATT practice
XXXVII.
Article XXXV back to top
A. Text of
Article XXXV
B. Interpretation and
application of Article XXXV
1. Reference to GATT practice
XXXVIII.
Article XXXVI back to top
A. Text of
Article XXXVI
B. Text of AD
Article XXXVI
C. Interpretation and
application of Article XXXVI
1. Reference to GATT practice
XXXIX.
Article XXXVII back to top
A. Text of
Article XXXVII
B. Text of AD
Article XXXVII
C. Interpretation and
application of Article XXXVII
1. Reference to GATT practice
XL.
Article XXXVIII back to top
A. Text of
Article XXXVIII
B. Interpretation and
application of Article XXXVIII
1. Reference to GATT practice
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