Manuscript date: March 2026
RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS: WORKING PAPERS
Impact Assessment of the Investment Facilitation for Development (IFD) Agreement
This paper presents quantitative projections on the expected economic impact of the Investment Facilitation for Development (IFD) Agreement, which proceeds in three steps. First, we estimate the empirical impact of the host-economy investment facilitation environment on foreign affiliate sales.
Disclaimer
This is a working paper, and hence it represents research in progress. The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors. They do not represent the positions or opinions of the WTO or its Members and are without prejudice to Members' rights and obligations under the WTO. Any errors are attributable to the authors.
Second, we map the agreement's mandatory and soft obligations (including best-endeavour) into advalorem equivalent reductions in the costs of multinational production. Third, the economic effects of these policy shocks are projected with a multi-region, multi-sector economic model that explicitly incorporates affiliate sales, foreign direct investment (FDI) and input-output linkages. Our benchmark simulations project that implementation of the IFD Agreement's mandatory obligations would increase global real GDP by 0.8 per cent over the next ten years, driven by a substantial expansion in global FDI flows and foreign affiliate sales. The simulations indicate that developing and low-income economies are expected to see the largest increases in GDP, since they are expected to see the largest improvement in the investment facilitation environment.
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working paper
Staff Working Paper
Research ERSD-2026-02
Manuscript date
March 2026
Author(s)
Eddy Bekkers, Erwin Corong, Donal Smith, Roger So Yu, and Danchen Zhao
Keywords
Foreign Direct Investment, Foreign Affiliate Sales, Computable General Equilibrium
JEL classification numbers
C68, F21, F23