Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM)

The purpose of the TPRM is to "contribute to improved adherence by all Members to rules, disciplines and commitments made under the Multilateral Trade Agreements and, where applicable, the Plurilateral Trade Agreements, and hence to the smoother functioning of the multilateral trading system, by achieving greater transparency in, and understanding of, the trade policies and practices of Members".

The frequency of reviews of a Member is related to its weight in the multilateral trading system, as defined by the Member's share of world trade in goods and services. On this basis, Members are reviewed under one of three different cycles: every three years for the four largest trading entities, counting the European Union as one; every five years for the next sixteen members; and every seven years for other Members, with provision for a longer interval for least-developed countries.

Background

From 5 to 8 April 1989, the Trade Negotiations Committee of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) successfully completed the mid-term review of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations. One of the most important outcomes of this review was the TPRM.

On 12 April 1989, the GATT Council decided that the TPRM would be implemented immediately, albeit on a provisional basis. Some five years later, the TPRM was confirmed as an integral part of the WTO under Annex 3 of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO, which was signed on 15 April 1994.

• GATT newsletter announcing the establishment of the TPRM

Up to 1995, Trade Policy Reviews (TPRs) focused on trade in goods only. However, following the establishment of the WTO in 1995, the scope of the Reviews was expanded to cover trade in services and intellectual property rights.

Further information about the TPRM is available here.

Aims of the TPRM

The aims of the TPRM are to:

• increase the transparency and understanding of members' trade policies and practices through a regular review process. The Mechanism constitutes an objective, independent evaluation of the trade and economic situation of individual members and acts as a forum where trade policies can be discussed, information sought and concerns expressed;
• improve the quality of public and intergovernmental debate on trade issues - the review process allows members to strengthen their inter-agency coordination on trade-related policies. It also plays an important role in helping developing and least-developed members identify technical assistance needs that can be followed up later;
• enable a multilateral assessment of the effects of a member's policies on the world trading system. The process can assist governments in pursuing desirable trade policy reforms and can highlight other areas of WTO obligations which may have received insufficient attention, thus helping to ensure these issues are addressed.

More recently, the WTO has expanded its trade monitoring role, producing on a regular basis reports looking into trade-policy trends across the WTO membership as a whole. Launched in early 2009 following the outbreak of the global financial crisis, these WTO-wide trade monitoring reports have further strengthened the transparency objectives of the Trade Policy Review Mechanism. The WTO issues an annual report⁽¹⁾ outlining how WTO members and observers are implementing a broad range of policy measures that facilitate or restrict trade flows.

First TPRs

The first countries subject to a Trade Policy Review were Australia, Morocco and the United States. These reports were distributed on 16 November 1989 and discussed at the GATT Council on 12, 13 and 14 December 1989, respectively. The reports are accessible below:

• Australia
• Morocco
• United States

TPRs since 1989

Since 1989, the Trade Policy Review Body - consisting of all WTO members - has conducted 610 Reviews (as of end-2025), covering 161 of the 166 WTO members. TPRs are accessible here.

The frequency of TPRs varies according to the member's share of world trade. Under changes to the review cycle agreed in 2016, the four largest traders (currently the European Union, the United States, China and the United Kingdom) are reviewed every three years. The next 16 largest are reviewed every five years, and other members every seven years.

30 years of the Trade Policy Review Mechanism

On 12 April 2019, the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) commemorates its 30th anniversary. Established to ensure greater awareness of members' trade policies, the TPRM is one of the main channels used by the WTO to promote accountability, predictability and transparency - the core values of the multilateral trading system.

Conference at the WTO

To mark the 30th anniversary of the WTO's TPRM, the WTO Secretariat is organizing a high-level conference on 27 November 2019.

The conference will focus on the role of the Mechanism in ensuring the effective functioning of the multilateral trading system by providing enhanced transparency, accountability and monitoring at the global level.

The event will allow for an informal exchange of views among all stakeholders about the achievements of the past 30 years and the challenges facing the TPRM. In addition, it will be an opportunity to reflect on ten years of the trade monitoring exercise, which is also part of the TPRM mandate.

The objectives of the conference include: 

• reflecting on the evolution of the Trade Policy Review exercise;
• assessing the impact and benefits of the transparency mechanism on the formulation and implementation of members' trade policies, particularly among developing and least-developed members; and
• discussing ways to improve Trade Policy Reviews and trade monitoring reports in the future.

The agenda of the conference will be announced closer to the time of the event.

The programme for the conference is available here.

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Footnotes

1. Since 2024, following the Seventh Appraisal of the TPRB, the report has been issued annually, replacing the previous practice of publication every six months. Back to text