Click here to return to ‘trade topics’

LA PROPRIÉTÉ INTELLECTUELLE: OMS-OMPI-OMC

Promouvoir l’accès aux technologies médicales et l’innovation

Intersections entre la santé publique, la propriété intellectuelle et le commerce

 

Bibliographie

Abbott, F.M. et Correa, C.M. (2007), World Trade Organization Accession Agreements: Intellectual Property Issues, QUNO, Genève.

Abbott, F.M. et Reichman, J.H. (2007), "The Doha Round's Public Health Legacy: Strategies for the Production and Diffusion of Patented Medicines under the Amended TRIPS Provisions", Journal of International Economic Law 10(4), pages 921 à 987.

Abbott, F.M. et Van Puymbroeck, R.V. (2005), Compulsory Licensing for Public Health: A Guide and Model Documents for Implementation of the Doha Declaration Paragraph 6 Decision, Banque mondiale, Washington (D.C.).

Adlung, R. (2010), "Trade in Healthcare and Health Insurance Services: WTO/GATS as a Supporting Actor (?)", Intereconomics 45(4): pages 227 à 238.

Anderson, R.D., Kovacic, W.E. et Müller, A.C. (2011), "Ensuring Integrity and Competition in Public Procurement Markets: A Dual Challenge for Good Governance", dans Arrowsmith, S. et Anderson, R.D. (éd.), The WTO Regime on Government Procurement: Challenge and Reform, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pages 681 à 718 [traduction française: "Intégrité et concurrence dans les marchés publics: un double défi pour la bonne gouvernance", document INT/SUB/540 de l'OMC].

Attaran, A. (2004), "How Do Patents and Economic Policies Affect Access to Essential Medicines in Developing Countries", Health Affairs 23(3), pages 155 à 166.

Ball, D. (2011), "The Regulation of Mark‑ups in the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain", Working Paper n° 3, Review Series on Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies and Interventions.

Ballance, R. Pogany, J. et Forstner, H. (1992), The World's Pharmaceutical Industries: An International Perspective on Innovation, Competition and Policy, Edward Elgar, Aldershot.

Banque mondiale (2005), A Guide to Competitive Vouchers in Health, Banque mondiale, Washington (D.C.).

Banque mondiale (2009), "Europe and Central Asia Health Insurance and Competition", Rapport n° 44316‑ECA de la Banque mondiale.

Banque mondiale (2011), "Governance in the Health Sector: A Strategy for Measuring Determinants and Performance", Policy Research Working Paper, n° 5655.

Ben‑Ayre, E. et al. (2012), "Integrative Oncology in the Middle East: From Traditional Herbal Knowledge to Contemporary Cancer Care", Annals of Oncology 23(1), pages 211 à 221.

Berndt, E., Blalock, N. et Cockburn, I. (2011), "Diffusion of New Drugs in the Post‑TRIPS Era", International Journal of the Economics of Business 18(2), pages 203 à 224.

Beyer, P. (2012), "Developing Socially Responsible Intellectual Property Licensing Policies: Non‑Exclusive Licensing Initiatives dans the Pharmaceutical Sector", in de Werra, J. (éd.), La propriété intellectuelle dans l'industrie pharmaceutique/Intellectual Property in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Schulthess Verlag, Zürich.

BIO Ventures (2010), The Diagnostics Innovation Map: Medical Diagnostics for the Unmet Needs of the Developing World, BIO Ventures for Global Health Washington (D.C.).

Blouin, C., Drager, N. et Smith, R., (éd.) (2006), International Trade in Health Services and the GATS: Current Issues and Debates, Banque mondiale, Washington (D.C).

Bregonje, M. (2005), "Patents: A Unique Source for Scientific Technical Information in Chemistry Related Industry?", World Patent Information 27(4), pages 309 à 315.

Bureau de la concurrence (2000), Propriété intellectuelle – Lignes directrices pour l'application de la loi, Bureau de la concurrence, Ottawa.

Cameron A. et al. (2011), "Differences in the Availability of Medicines for Chronic and Acute Conditions in the Public and Private Sectors of Developing Countries", Bulletin de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé 89(6), pages 412 à 421.

Cameron, A. et al. (2009), "Medicine Prices, Availability, and Affordability in 36 Developing and Middle‑Income Countries: A Secondary Analysis", The Lancet 373(9659), pages 240 à 249.

Cameron, A. et Laing, R. (2010), "Cost Savings of Switching Private Sector Consumptions from Originator Brand Medicines to Generic Équivalents", Rapport sur la santé dans le monde, Background Paper, n° 35.

Chaudhuri, S., Goldberg, P.K. et Jia, P. (2006), "Estimating the Effects of Global Patent Protection in Pharmaceuticals: A Case Study of Quinolones in India", American Economic Review 96(5), pages 1477 à 1514.

CIOMS (2002), International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects, Geneva, Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences. CIOMS (2002), Lignes directrices internationales d'éthiques pour la recherche biomédicale impliquant des sujets humains, Conseil des Organisations internationales des Sciences médicales, Genève.

Clift, C. (2010), "Combating Counterfeit, Falsified and Substandard Medicines: Defining the Way Forward?", Chatham House, Briefing Paper.

Cohen, W.M., Nelson, R.R. et Walsh, J.P. (2000), "Protecting Their Intellectual Assets: Appropriability Conditions and Why US Manufacturing Firms Patent (or Not)", NBER Working Paper n° 7552.

Comanor, W.S. (1986), "The Political Economy of the Pharmaceutical Industry", Journal of Economic Literature 24(3), pages 1178 à 1217.

Commission européenne (2003), Vaccines Research Relief: Introduction of a New Scheme and Modification of State Aid N 802/99, document C(2003) 1398 de la Commission européenne.

Commission européenne (2009), Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry: Final Report, Commission européenne.

Commission européenne (2010), Reports on EU Customs Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights: Results at the EU Border – 2010, Commission européenne, Luxembourg.

Commission européenne (2012), "Dispositifs médicaux: la Commission européenne appelle à des actions immédiates: renforcer les contrôles, accroître la surveillance, restaurer la confiance", communiqué de presse IP/12/119 du 9 février 2012.

Commission on Health Research for Development (1990), Health Research: Essential Link to Equity in Development, Oxford University Press, New York.

Cornish, W. (2003), Intellectual Property: Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks and Allied Rights, 4ème édition, Sweet and Maxwell (Royaume-Uni).

Correa, C.E. (2009), "Case 2. The SARS Case: IP Fragmentation dans Patent Pools", in Van Overwalle, G. (éd.), Gene Patents and Collaborative Licensing Models, Cambridge, University Press, Cambridge, pages 33 à 41.

Correa, C.M. (2004), Implementation of the WTO General Council Decision on Paragraph 6 of the DOHA Declaration on the Trips Agreement and Public Health, Health Economics and Drugs Series n° 016, OMS, Genève.

Creese, A., (2011), "Sales Taxes on Medicines", Working Paper n° 5, Review Series on Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies and Interventions.

Danzon, P.M., Mulcahy, A.W. et Towse, A.K. (2011), "Pharmaceutical Pricing in Emerging Markets: Effects of Income, Competition and Procurement", NBER Working Paper n° 17174.

Département de la justice des États-Unis/Commission fédérale du commerce. (1995), Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property.

DiMasi, J.A. et Grabowski, H.G. (2007), "The Cost of Biopharmaceutical R&D: Is Biotech Different?" Managerial and Decision Economics 28,  pages 469 à 479.

DiMasi, J.A., Hansen, R.W. et Grabowski, H.G. (2003), "The Price of Innovation: New Estimates of Drug Development Costs", Journal of Health Economics 22(2), pages 151 à 185.

EDCTP (2011), 2011 Rapport annuel, European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, La Haye.

El Said, M.K. (2010), Public Health Related Trips‑Plus Provisions in Bilateral Trade Agreements: A Policy Guide for Negotiators and Implementers in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, OMS/ICTSD, Genève.

EMA (2012), Access to Clinical‑Trial Data and Transparency: Workshop Report, Agence européenne des médicaments.

Espin, J., Rovira, J., Olry de Labry, A., (2011), "External Reference Pricing", Working Paper n° 1, Review Series on Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies and Interventions.

FIIM (2011), The Pharmaceutical Industry and Global Health: Facts and Figures, FIIM, Genève.

FIIM (2013), Pharmaceutical R&D Projects to Discover Cures for Patients with Neglected Conditions: 2012 Status Report on Pharmaceutical R&D to Address Diseases that Disproportionately Affect People in Low‑ and Middle‑Income Countries, FIIM, Genève.

Fink, C. (2011), "Intellectual Property Rights", dans Chauffour, J.P. et Maur, J.C. (éd.), Preferential Trade Agreement Policies for Development: A Handbook, Banque mondiale, Washington (D.C.), pages 387 à 406.

Fonds mondial (2010a), Procurement and Supply Management (PSM) Plan: Guide to Writing PSM Plans.

Fonds mondial (2010b), Directives du programme d'assistance aux achats pour la participation au mécanisme volontaire d'achat groupé

Frost, L.J., et Reich, M.R. (2010), "How Do Good Health Technologies Get to Poor People in Poor Countries", Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Massachusetts.

Ganslandt, M. et Maskus, K.E. (2004), "Parallel Imports and the Pricing of Pharmaceutical Products: Evidence from the European Union," Journal of Health Economics 23(5), pages 1035 à 1057.

Garrido, M.V. et al. (2008), Health Technology Assessment and Health Policy‑Making in Europe: Current Status, Challenges and Potential, OMS‑Europe/Observatoire européen des systèmes et des politiques de santé.

GE Healthcare (2011), "Market‑Relevant Design: Making ECGs Available Across India", salle de presse, 30 septembre 2011.

GHTF (2005), Information Document Concerning the Definition of the Term "Medical Device", document GHTF/SG1/N29R16:2005 du groupe de travail pour l'harmonisation mondiale de la réglementation des dispositifs médicaux.

Gottret, P. et Schieber, G. (2006), Health Financing Revisited: A Practitioner's Guide, Banque mondiale, Washington (D.C.).

Gouvernement de l'Inde (2012), Guidelines on Similar Biologics:. Regulatory Authorization Requirements for Marketing Authorization in India, gouvernement de l'Inde, New Delhi.

Grabowski, H.G. et Kyle, M. (2007), "Generic Competition and Market Exclusivity Periods in Pharmaceuticals", Managerial and Decision Economics 28(4–5), pages 491 à 502.

Grabowski, H.G., Ridley, D.B. et Moe, J.L. (2008), "Priority Review Vouchers to Encourage Innovation for Neglected Diseases", Université Duke (Caroline du Nord).

Grace, C. (2010), "Product Development Partnerships (PDPs): Lessons from PDPs Established to Develop New Health Technologies for Neglected Diseases", Ministère du développement international (Royaume-Uni).

Greene, J. (2010), "When Did Medicines Become Essential?", Bulletin de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé 88(7), page 483.

Hawkins, L. (2011), "Competition Policy", Working Paper n° 4, Review Series on Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies and Interventions.

Helble, M. (2012), "More Trade for Better Health? International Trade and Tariffs on Health Products", document de travail ERSD‑2012–17, OMC, Genève.

Hendriks, J. et al. (2011), "An International Technology Platform for Influenza Vaccines," Vaccine, 29(Suppl. 1), pages A8 à A11.

Hogerzeil, H.V. et al. (2006), "Is Access to Essential Medicines as Part of the Fulfilment of the Right to Health Enforceable Through the Courts?", Lancet 368, pages 305 à 311.

Hogerzeil, H.V. et Mirza, Z. (2011), The World Medicines Situation: Access to Essential Medicines as Part of the Right to Health, OMS, Genève.

Holloway, K. et van Dijk, L. (2011), The World Medicines Situation: Rational Use of Medicines, OMS, Genève.

http://apps.who.int/gb/ssffc/pdf_files/A_SSFFC_WG3Rev1-fr.pdf

ICTSD/CNUCED/OMS (2007), Draft Guidelines for the Examination of Pharmaceutical Patents: Developing a Public Health Perspective, Genève.

Immelt, J.R., Govindarajan, V. et Trimble, C. (2009), "How GE is Disrupting Itself," Harvard Business Review, octobre.

Institute of Medicine (2012), "Ensuring Safe Foods and Medical Products Through Stronger Regulatory Systems Abroad", Report Brief, National Academy of Sciences (États-Unis).

IPO (2011), Patent Thickets: An Overview, Intellectual Property Office, Newport (Royaume-Uni).

Kanavos, P. et al. (2010), "The Impact of Health Technology Assessments: An International Comparison 2010", Euro Observer 12(4), pages 1 à 7.

Kaplan, W. et Laing, R. (2005), "Local Production of Pharmaceuticals: Industrial Policy and Access to Medicines", HNP Discussion Paper, Banque mondiale, Washington (D.C.).

Ker, U. (2012), "Advance Market Commitment: Saving Lives Through Vaccine Delivery – UPDATE," Case Studies for Global Health.

Khor, M. (2007), "Patents, Compulsory Licences and Access to Medicines: Some Recent Experiences", TWN Intellectual Property Series, n° 10.

King, D.R. et Kanavos, P. (2002), "Encouraging the Use of Generic Medicines: Implications for Transition Economies", Croatian Medical Journal 43(4), pages 462 à 469.

Krasovec, K. et Connor, C. (1998), Using Tax Relief to Support Public Health Goals, Partners for Health Reformplus.

Krattiger, A. (2007a), "The Use of Nonassertion Covenants: A Tool to Facilitate Humanitarian Licensing, Manage Liability, and Foster Global Access", dans Krattiger, A. et al. (éd.), Intellectual Property Management in Health and Agricultural Innovation: A Handbook of Best Practices, MIHR and Davis, PIPRA, Oxford, pages 739 à 745.

Krattiger, A. et al. (éd.), (2007b), Intellectual Property Management in Health and Agricultural Innovation: A Handbook of Best Practices, MIHR and Davis, PIPRA, Oxford, pages 1317 à 1327.

LaMattina, J.L. (2011), "The Impact of Mergers on Pharmaceutical R&D", Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 10, pages 559 à 560.

Lanjouw, J.O. (2005), "Patents, Price Control, and Access to New Drugs: How Policy Affects Global Market Entry", NBER Working Paper n° 11321.

Levin, R. et al. (1987), "Appropriating the Returns from Industrial Research and Development", Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 3, pages 783 à 831.

Levison, L. et Laing, R. (2003), "The Hidden Costs of Essential Medicines", Essential Drugs Monitor, n° 033.

Lichtenberg, F. (2012), "Pharmaceutical Innovation and Longevity Growth in 30 Developing and High‑Income Countries, 2000–2009",NBER Working, Paper n° 18235.

Light, D.W. et Warburton, R. (2011), "Demythologizing the High Costs of Pharmaceutical Research", BioSocieties 6, pages 34 à 50.

Liu, L. et al. (2012), "Global, Regional, and National Causes of Child Mortality: An Updated Systematic Analysis for 2010 with Time Trends since 2000", The Lancet 379(9832), pages 2151 à 2161.

Love, J. (2003), "Evidence Regarding Research and Development Investments in Innovative and Non Innovative Medicines", Consumer Project on Technology.

Mackey, T.K. et Liang, B.A. (2012), "Patent and Exclusivity Status of Essential Medicines for Non‑Communicable Disease", PLoS ONE 7(11), page e51022.

Mansfield, E. (1986), "Patents and Innovation: An Empirical Study", Management Science 32(2), pages 173 à 181.

Masum, H. et Harris, R. (2011), Open Source for Neglected Disease: Magic Bullet or Mirage?, Results for Development Institute, Washington (D.C.).

Mathers, C.D. et al. (2006), "The Burden of Disease and Mortality by Conditions: Data, Methods and Results for 2001", dans Lopez, A.D. et al. (éd.), Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, Oxford University Press, New York, pages 45 à 240.

Mathers, C.D. et Loncar, D. (2006), "Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030", PLoS Medicine 3(11), page e442.

Matthijs, G. et Van Ommen, G.J. (2009) "Gene Patents: From Discovery to Invention. A Geneticist's View", dans Van Overwalle, G. (ed.), Gene Patents and Collaborative Licensing Models, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (Royaume-Uni), pages 311 à 330.

Maurer, S. (2007), "Open Source Drug Discovery: Finding a Niche (or Maybe Several)", UMKC Law Review 75, pages 1 à 31.

Mendis, S., et al. (2007), "The Availability and Affordability of Selected Essential Medicines for Chronic Diseases in Six Low‑ and Middle‑Income Countries", Bulletin de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé 85(4), pages 279 à 287.

Milstien, J.B., Batson, A. et Wertheimer, A.I. (2005), "Vaccines and Drugs: Characteristics of Their Use to Meet Public Health Goals", HNP Discussion Paper, Banque mondiale, Washington (D.C.).

Ministère de la santé et de la protection sociale (2008), Mapping of Partners and Financial Flows in the Medicines Supply System in Tanzania, Ministère tanzanien de la santé et de la protection sociale, Dar es Salam.

Mirza, Z. (2008), "Thirty Years of Essential Medicines in Primary Health Care", East Mediterranean Health Journal 14 (Suppl), pages S74 à S81.

Mohiuddin, M. et Imtiazuddin, O. (2007), "Socially Responsible Licensing: Model Partnerships for Underserved Markets", Acumen Fund Concepts.

Moran, M. et al. (2005), The New Landscape of Neglected Disease Drug Development, The London School of Economics and Political Sciences, Londres.

Moran, M. et al. (2012), Neglected Disease Research And Development: A Five Year Review, G‑Finder Report 2012, Policy Cures, Londres.

Morgan, S. et al. (2011), "The Cost of Drug Development: A Systematic Review", Health Policy 100(1), pages 4 à 17.

MSH (2012), Managing Access to Medicines and Health Technologies, Management Sciences for Health, Arlington.

Müller, A.C. et Pelletier, P. (à paraître), "Competition Policy and Government Procurement, Two Missing Links in the Debate on Public Health", document de travail, OMC, Genève.

Munos, B. (2009), "Lessons from 60 Years of Pharmaceutical Innovation," Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 8, pages 959 à 968.

Murray, C.J.L. et Lopez, A.D. (éd.) (1996), The Global Burden of Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge (Massachusetts).

Nations Unies (2011a), Déclaration politique sur le VIH et le sida: intensifier nos efforts pour éliminer le VIH et le sida, Rapport de 2011 du Groupe de réflexion sur le retard pris dans la réalisation des objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement, Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, New York.

Nations Unies (2011b), Huitième objectif du Millénaire pour le développement/Le partenariat mondial pour le développement: l'heure est aux résultats, Nations Unies, New York.

Nations Unies (2012), Objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement/Rapport de 2012, Nations Unies, New York.

NCD Alliance (2011), "Access to Essential Medicines and Technologies for NCDs", NCD Alliance Briefing Paper.

Newman, D.J. et al. (2008), "Medicines from Nature", dans Chivian, E. et Bernstein, A. (éd.) Sustaining Life: How Human Health Depends on Biodiversity, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Niëns, L. et al. (2010), "Quantifying the Impoverishing Effects of Purchasing Medicines: A Cross‑Country Comparison of the Affordability of Medicines in the Developing World", PLoS Medicine 7(8), page e1000333.

NIH (2001), Glossary of Terms for Human Subjects Protection and Inclusion Issues, National Institutes of Health (États-Unis).

Noor, W. (2009), "Placing Value on FDA's Priority Review Vouchers", IN VIVO 27(8), pages 1 à 8.

Nunn, A. et al. (2007), "Evolution of Antiretroviral Drug Costs in Brazil in the Context of Free and Universal Access to AIDS Treatment", PLoS Medicine 4(11), page e305.

Nwaka, S. et al. (2010), "Developing ANDI: A Novel Approach to Health Product R&D in Africa," PLoS Medicine 7(6), page e1000293.

Obrist, B. et al. (2007), "Access to Health Care in Contexts of Livelihood Insecurity: A Framework for Analysis and Action", PLoS Medicine 4(10), page e308.

OCDE (2003), Transparence des procédures de passation des marchés publics; Avantages d'une gouvernance efficace et orientations pour y parvenir, OCDE, Paris.

OCDE (2008), Les prix des médicaments sur un marché global, OCDE, Paris.

OCDE (2011), Science, technologie et industrie: Tableau de bord de l'OCDE 2011 – L'innovation et la croissance dans les économies du savoir, OCDE, Paris.

OECO (2001), Pharmaceutical Procurement Service Annual Report 2001, Organisation des États des Caraïbes orientales, Sainte-Lucie.

Office of Technology Assessment (1993), Pharmaceutical R&D: Costs, Risks and Rewards, Congrès des États-Unis, Washington (D.C.).

Olcay, M. et Laing, R. (2005), "Pharmaceutical Tariffs: What is Their Effect on Prices, Protection of Local Industry and Revenue Generation?", étude élaborée pour la Commission sur les droits de propriété intellectuelle, l'innovation et la santé publique, OMS.

Olson, S. et Berger, A. (2011), Establishing Precompetitive Collaborations to Stimulate Genomics‑Driven Drug Development, National Academies Press.

Ombaka, E., (2009), "Current Status of Medicines Procurement", American Journal of Health‑System Pharmacy 66(Suppl 3), pages S20 à S28.

OMC (2001), Workshop on Differential Pricing and Financing of Essential Drugs: Note d'information élaborée par Jayashree Watal, consultant auprès du Secrétariat de l'OMC, Genève.

OMC (2009), "Services Liberalization from a WTO/GATS Perspectives: In Search of Volunteers", document de travail ERSD–2009–05, OMC, Genève.

OMC (2010), Réexamen annuel de la décision sur la mise en œuvre du paragraphe 6 de la Déclaration de Doha sur l'Accord sur les ADPIC et la santé publique, document IP/C/57 de l'OMC, Genève.

OMC (2011), Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2011, OMC, Genève. Yadav, P. (2010), "Differential Pricing for Pharmaceuticals: Review of Current Knowledge, New Findings and Ideas for Action", Étude réalisée pour le Ministère britannique du développement international (DFID).

OMPI (2001), Savoirs traditionnels: Besoins et attentes en matière de propriété intellectuelle/Rapport de l'OMPI sur les missions d'enquête consacrées à la propriété intellectuelle et aux savoirs traditionnels (1998-1999), OMPI, Genève.

OMPI (2008), SCP/12/3 Rev.2, Annex III Comments on the Report on the International Patent Systems Received from Members and Observers of the SCP, OMPI, Genève.

OMPI (2009), The Economics of Intellectual Property, OMPI, Genève.

OMPI (2010), Guide des bases de données technologiques, OMPI, Genève.

OMPI (2011a), Rapport sur la propriété intellectuelle dans le monde, OMPI, Genève.

OMPI (2011b), WIPO Survey on Patenting Strategies in 2009 and 2010, OMPI, Genève.

OMPI (2011c), WIPO Patent Search Report on Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP)‑Related Patents and Patent Applications, OMPI, Genève.

OMPI (2012), PCT Yearly Review 2012: The International Patent System, OMPI, Genève.

OMS (2000a), Rapport sur la Santé dans le Monde 2000/Pour un système de santé plus performant, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2000b), Principes méthodologiques généraux pour la recherche et l'évaluation relatives à la médecine traditionnelle, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2001a), Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2001b), Legal Status of Traditional Medicine and Complementary/Alternative Medicine: A Worldwide Review, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2001c), "Drug Procurement: The Principles for Getting It Right", Essential Drugs Monitor 30, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2001d), Comment élaborer et mettre en œuvre une politique pharmaceutique nationale, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2002a), "The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines: Report of the WHO Expert Committee," WHO Technical Report Series, n° 914.

OMS (2002b), Stratégie de l'OMS pour la médecine traditionnelle pour 2002‑2005, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2003a), Medical Device Regulations: Global Overview and Guiding Principles, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2003b), "Comment élaborer et mettre en œuvre une politique pharmaceutique nationale?", Perspectives politiques de l'OMS sur les médicaments, n° 6.

OMS (2004a), WHO Guidelines on Safety Monitoring of Herbal Medicines in Pharmacovigilance Systems, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2004b), Priority Medicines for Europe and the World, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2004c), "Accès équitable aux médicaments essentiels: cadre d'action collective", Perspectives politiques de l'OMC sur les médicaments, n° 8.

OMS (2005a), Remuneration Guidelines for Non‑Voluntary Use of a Patent on Medical Technologies, Health Economics and Drugs TCM Series, n° 18.

OMS (2005b), National Policy on Traditional Medicine and Regulation of Herbal Medicines: Report of a WHO Global Survey, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2006a), Fortieth Report of the WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations, WHO Technical Report Series, n° 937.

OMS (2006b), Santé publique, innovation et droits de propriété intellectuelle/Rapport de la Commission sur les droits de propriété intellectuelle, l'innovation et la santé publique, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2007), Everybody's Business: Strengthening Health Systems to Improve Health Outcomes – WHO's Framework for Action, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2008), The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2009), Global Health Risks: Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risks, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2010a), Dispositifs médicaux: comment résoudre l'inadéquation? Rapport final du projet "Dispositifs médicaux prioritaires", OMS, Genève.

OMS (2010b), Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2010c), Assessment of Medicines Regulatory Systems in Sub‑Saharan African Countries: An Overview of Findings from 26 Assessment Reports, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2010d), "World Health Organization Good Governance for Medicines Programme: An Innovative Approach to Prevent Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector", Rapport sur la santé dans le monde (2010), note d'information n° 25.

OMS (2010e), "New Progress and Guidance on HIV Treatment", Aide-mémoire de l'OMS.

OMS (2010f), Working to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases: First WHO Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2010g), Coordination et financement de la Recherche-développement, Rapport du Groupe de travail d'experts, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2010h), Rapport sur la santé dans le monde 2010/Le financement des systèmes de santé: le chemin vers une couverture universelle, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2011a), Statistiques sanitaires mondiales 2011, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2011b), Survey of the Quality of Selected Antimalarial Medicines Circulating in Six Countries of Sub‑Saharan Africa, OMS, Genève

OMS (2011c), Increasing Access to Vaccines Through Technology Transfer and Local Production, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2011d), Liste modèle de l'OMS des médicaments essentiels, 17ème liste, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2011e), Pharmaceutical Production and Related Technology Transfer, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2011f), Liste modèle de l'OMS des médicaments essentiels destinés à l'enfant, 3ème liste, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2011g), Local Production for Access to Medical Products: Developing a Framework to Improve Public Health, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2011h), Rôle de l'OMS dans la lutte contre les produits médicaux de qualité, d'innocuité et d'efficacité incertaines, tels que les produits médicaux de qualité inférieure/faux/faussement étiquetés/falsifiés/contrefaits, OMS, Genève (document A/SSFFC/WG/3 Rev.1). Voir:

OMS (2012a), Research and Development to Meet Health Needs in Developing Countries: Strengthening Global Financing and Coordination, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2012b), The Strategic Use of Antiretrovirals to Help End the HIV Epidemic, OMS, Genève.

OMS (2012c), Statistiques sanitaires mondiales 2012, OMS, Genève.

OMS/HAI (2008), Measuring Medicine Prices, Availability, Affordability and Price Components, OMS, Genève/HAI, Amsterdam.

OMS/OMC (2002), Les Accords de l'OMC et la santé publique/Étude conjointe de l'OMS et du Secrétariat de l'OMC, OMC, Genève.

OMS/ONUSIDA (2002), Accelerating Access Initiative: Widening Access to Care and Support for People Living with HIV/AIDS, OMS/ONUSIDA, Genève.

OMS/ONUSIDA/UNICEF (2011), Rapport de situation 2011 sur la riposte mondiale au VIH/sida: Principaux faits sur l'épidémie mondiale de VIH et les progrès enregistrés vers un accès universel, OMS, Genève.

OMS/UNICEF (2006), Essential Medicines for Children Expert Consultation Report of the Joint WHO-UNICEF Consultation on Essential Medicines for Children, OMS, Genève.

OMS/UNICEF/Banque mondiale (2009), Vaccins et vaccination: la situation dans le monde, OMS, Genève.

ONUSIDA (2012), Fiche d'information mondiale: Journée mondiale de lutte contre le SIDA, ONUSIDA, Genève.

ONUSIDA/OMS/PNUD (2011), "Tirer parti des flexibilités de l'Accord sur les ADPIC pour améliorer l'accès au traitement du VIH", Politique générale.

Oxfam/MSF (2010), Vaccins: État des lieux de l'accès dans les pays en développement et de la recherche, MSF, Genève.

Pateriya, S. et al. (2011), "Regulatory Aspects of Pharmaceuticals' Exports in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries", Journal of Young Pharmacists 3(2), pages 155 à 162.

Perehudoff, S.K. (2008), Health, Essential Medicines, Human Rights and National Constitutions, OMS, Genève.

PhRMA (2007), Drug Discovery and Development: Understanding the R&D Process, Pharmaceutical Research and Manufactures of America, Washington (D.C.).

Pray, L. (2008), "Personalized Medicine: Hope or Hype?," Nature Education 1(1).

PwC (2008), Pharma 2020: Virtual R&D – Which Path Will You Take?, PricewaterhouseCoopers.

PwC (2012), De la vision à la décision: Pharma 2020, PricewaterhouseCoopers.

Rägo, L. et Santoso, B. (2008), "Drug Regulations: History, Present and Future", dans van Boxtel, C.J., Santoso, B. et Edwards, I.R. (éd.), Drug Benefits and Risks: International Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology, IOS Press, Amsterdam, pages 65 à 78.

Reuters (2012), "EU Agency Lifts Lid on Drug Data Secrets", 16 juillet 2012.

Ridley, D., Grabowski, H.G. et Moe, J.L. (2006), "Developing Drugs for Developing Countries", Health Affairs 25(2), pages 313 à 324.

Rietveld, H. (2008), "A New Class of Malaria Drugs: The Coartem Breakthrough from Novartis and its Chinese Partners", Workshop on Access and Benefit Sharing, Bonn, 26 mai 2008.

Robertson, J. et al. (2009), "What Essential Medicines for Children are on the Shelf?", Bulletin de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé 87(3), pages 231 à 237.

Roger, S.D. et Goldsmith, D. (2008), "Biosimilars: It's Not as Simple as Cost Alone", Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 33(5), pages 459 à 464.

Røttingen, J.‑A. et al. (2012), "Securing the Public Good of Health Research and Development for Developing Countries", Bulletin de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé 90(5), pages 398 à 400.

Saberwal, G. (2010), "Bio‑Business in Brief: The Debate over Biosimilars", Current Science 98(12), pages 1575 à 1578.

Scheib, J. et Witherell, B. (2011), "The Basics of Drug and Medical Device Naming", INTA Bulletin 66(15).

Scherer, F.M. (2001), "The Link Between Gross Profitability and Pharmaceutical R&D Spending", Health Affairs 20(5), pages 216 à 220.

Scherer, F.M. et Watal, J. (2002), "Post‑TRIPS Options for Access to Patented Medicines in Developing Nations", Journal of International Economic Law 5(4), pages 913 à 939.

Shapiro, C. (2000), "Navigating the Patent Thicket: Cross Licences, Patent Pools and Standard Setting", dans Jaffe, A.B., Lerner, J. et Stern, S. (éd.), Innovation Policy and the Economy, MIT Press, Cambridge (Massachusetts), pages 119 à 150.

Simon, J. et al. (2005), "Managing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Intellectual Property Rights: The Possible Role of Patent Pooling", Bulletin de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé 83(9), pages 707 à 710.

Stevens, A.J. et al. (2011), "The Role of Public‑Sector Research in the Discovery of Drugs and Vaccines", New England Journal of Medicine 364(6), pages 535 à 541.

't Hoen, E.F.M. (2009), The Global Politics of Pharmaceutical Monopoly Power, AMB Publishers, Diemen (Pays-Bas).

Taubman, A. (2010), "A Typology of Intellectual Property Management for Public Health, Innovation and Access: Design Considerations for Policymakers", Open AIDS Journal 4, pages 4 à 24.

Taylor, C.T. et Silberston, Z.A. (1973), The Economic Impact of the Patent System: A Study of the British Experience, Cambridge Press University, Cambridge (Royaume-Uni).

Temin, P. (1979), "Technology, Regulation, and Market Structure in the Modern Pharmaceutical Industry", The Bell Journal of Economics 10(2), pages 429 à 446.

Tempest, B. (2011), "The Structural Changes in the Global Pharmaceutical Marketplace and Their Possible Implications for Intellectual Property", ICTSD Policy Brief, n° 10.

UNICEF (2012), Levels and Trends in Child Mortality Report 2012: Estimates Developed by the UN Inter‑agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, UNICEF, New York.

UNITAID (2009), "UNITAID and the Clinton HIV/AIDS Initiative Announce New Price Reductions for Key Drugs", OMS, Genève.

UNITAID (2011), HIV/AIDS: Scaling Treatment Up, Pushing Prices Down, UNITAID, Genève.

USCBO (2006), Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Congressional Budget Office (Bureau du budget du Congrès), Congrès des États‑Unis.

Uzuner, H. et al. (2012), "Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in the Post‑Genomic Era: Good Practice, Priorities, Challenges and Opportunities", Journal of Ethnopharmacology 140(3), pages 458 à 468.

Valdés, R. et Tavengwa, R. (2012), "Intellectual Property Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements", document de travail ERSD–2012–21, OMC, Genève.

Van den Ham, R., Bero, L. et Laing, R. (2011), The World Medicines Situation 2011: Selection of Essential Medicines, OMS, Genève.

Verbeure, B. et al. (2006), "Patent Pools and Diagnostic Testing", Trends in Biotechnology 24(3), pages 115 à 120.

Von der Ropp, A. et Taubman, T. (2006), "Bioéthique et droit des brevets: L'affaire Myriad", Magazine de l'OMPI 4, pages 8 et 9.

Wagner, A. et al. (2011), "Access to Care and Medicines, Burden of Health Care Expenditures, and Risk Protection: Results from the World Health Survey", Health Policy 100(2–3), pages 151 à 158.

Waning, B., Diedrichsen, E. et Moon, S. (2010), "A Lifeline to Treatment: The Role of Indian Generic Manufacturers in Supplying Antiretroviral Medicines to Developing Countries", Journal of the International AIDS Society 13, page 35.

Widdus, R. et White, K. (2004), Combating Diseases Associated with Poverty: Financing Strategies for Product Development and the Potential Role of Public-Private Partnerships, OMS, Genève.

Yamane, H. (2011), Interpreting TRIPS: Globalisation of Intellectual Property Rights and Access to Medicines, Hart Publishing, Oxford/Portland (Oregon).