The texts reproduced here do not have the legal standing of the original documents which are entrusted and kept at the WTO Secretariat in Geneva.

causation: see Anti-Dumping Agreement (AD), determination of injury (AD 3), evaluation of injury factors (AD 3.4), examination of other known factors (AD 3.5), dumping and injury analysis/causality analysis, distinguishability; Anti-Dumping Agreement (AD), determination of injury (AD 3), evaluation of injury factors (AD 3.4), manner of evaluating causal relationship (AD 3.5); Anti-Dumping Agreement (AD), imposition and collection of anti-dumping duties (AD 9), prior determination of dumping margins, injury and causal link, need for (AD 9.1); safeguard measures (Safeguards Agreement (SG/GATT XIX (emergency action))), application of measures (SG 5), proportionality (“to the extent necessary”) (SG 5.1), limitation to share of injury caused by increased imports and “such increased quantities”, sufficient to cause serious injury or threat; safeguard measures, determination of serious injury or threat thereof (SG 4), requirements, “factors other than increased imports” (SG 4.2(b)), non-attribution, need for demonstration of; serious prejudice (SCM 5(c)), price suppression as effect of subsidy (SCM 6.3(c)), “effect of subsidy” (causal link); SPS Agreement, risk assessment, need for (SPS 5.1-5.3 and Annex A, para. 4), specificity of assessment, need for (SPS 5.1 and 5.2), causal relationship, need to identify
 

claims and arguments: C.1 see also notice of appeal, requirements (AB/WP 20(2)); request for establishment of panel, requirements (DSU 6.2), legal basis of claim; standing/right to bring claim (DSU 3.7); standard of review (DSU 11), “objective assessment of matter before it”, all arguments, need to consider; standing/right to bring claim (DSU 3.7); third party rights

claim as defensive action (AG 10.3) A.1.34.2

distinction C.1.9
 

closed session: see confidentiality of proceedings (DSU 17.10/18.2)
 

compensation

for adverse effects of safeguard measures (SG 8.1) S.1.38.2, S.1.42.4

compensatory adjustment for modification of schedules (GATT XXVIII:2) S.1.38.2, S.1.42.4

as temporary measure in case of impracticality of immediate compliance with DSB recommendations and rulings (DSU 3.7/DSU 22.4) ARB. 3.1.2
 

competence (AB)

classification as issue of law or fact

compliance/consistency with treaty obligations M.5.5, S.3.2.5, S.3.3.3, S.3.3.8, S.3.3.10, S.3.3.12, S.7.3.1, S.7.3.21, S.7.3.23

credibility and weight of evidence S.3.3.3-7, S.7.3.1

de facto discrimination S.3.3.2

determination of “likeness” S.3.3.1

market shares S.3.3.2

nationality of majority of operators S.3.3.2

ownership, control and nationality of company S.3.3.2

panel’s application of law S.2.39.5, S.3.3.17, S.7.3.24

panel’s classification of measure, relevance S.3.3.10

procedural and administrative requirements, differences S.3.3.2

world market, existence and competition in S.3.3.13-14

completion of legal analysis (DSU 17.6) C.4: see also conditional appeal; judicial economy

in absence of full argumentation of legal issues A.1.38.15, C.4.27

in absence of request from party C.4.25, S.3.2.5, S.3.3.12

burden of proof and B.3.1.17, C.4.15, C.4.25

in case of agreement with panel finding C.4.6, C.4.18-19, C.4.21

in case of disagreement with panel finding C.4.1, C.4.3-5, C.4.14-15

in case of panel’s failure to examine applicability of covered agreement G.1.1.7

factual basis

alternative factual findings prepared by panel C.4.20

contentiousness/omission/insufficiency of facts C.4.7-20

insufficiency A.1.38.15, C.4.27, S.2.19.5

insufficient argument on novel issue C.4.12, C.4.17

limitation to panel’s findings or undisputed facts in panel record C.4.5, C.4.7, C.4.22-4, C.4.27, S.3.1.4, S.3.1.5, S.3.3.11, T.6.3.8

inter-dependent assumptions, effect of panel’s reliance on O.2.5

issues of law covered in report and developed by panel: see issues of law/legal interpretations (DSU 17.6) below

request for, procedure C.4.21

issues of law/legal interpretations (DSU 17.6) C.4.12, S.3.1.3

alleged failure of panel to make objective assessment (DSU 11) S.3.2

“covered in the panel report” S.3.1.5, S.3.1.6

“developed by the panel” S.3.1.5, S.3.1.6

inclusion in notice of appeal: see notice of appeal, requirements (AB/WP 20(2)), statement of allegations of errors on issues of law/legal interpretations (AB/WP 20(2)(d))

issues not examined by panel C.4.27

issues not raised by parties C.4.3, S.3.1.5, S.7.2.8

legal representation in government delegation, importance P.4.2

new arguments S.3.1.7

obligation to address each of issues raised under DSU 12.6 during appellate proceedings (DSU 17.12) S.3.1.6, S.3.4

judicial economy and S.1.32.3

upholding, modification or reversal of legal findings and conclusions (DSU 17.13) S.3.1.2, S.3.1.3

inability to rule, effect C.4.16

panel finding not appealed and P.1.2.1, S.1.16.3
 

competence (panels): see also judicial economy; review of implementation of DSB rulings (DSU 21.5), competence of Art. 21.5 panel; standard of review (DSU 11); terms of reference of panels (DSU 7)

claims against legislation as such A.3.54.1, A.3.55.2-3, A.3.56.6-8, J.2.1.9-10, L.1, M.1: see also legislation as such, right to challenge

mandatory/discretionary nature of challenged measure, obligation to examine M.1.7

objections, requirements

notice of appeal, inclusion in J.2.1.15, O.1.8, T.6.1.11

opportunity to cure procedural defect and R.2.1.10

specificity/explicitness D.2.2.13, O.1.1, O.1.5-6, P.3.1.7

timeliness D.2.2.13, D.2.2.15, D.2.2.18, J.2.1.8, J.2.1.14, O.1.2, O.1.5-6, O.1.9-16, P.3.1.7, R.2.1.8-10, T.6.1.8

DSB meetings to examine request, relevance O.1.12, R.2.1.9

waiver of right, implied D.2.2.15, O.1.6

objective assessment: see competence (AB), issues of law/legal interpretations (DSU 17.6), alleged failure of panel to make objective assessment (DSU 11); standard of review (DSU 11), “objective assessment of matter before it”

obligation to examine

at any stage during proceedings D.2.2.18, J.2.1.8, J.2.1.14, T.6.1.8, W.2.7.1.3

ex proprio motu C.7.10, D.2.2.12, J.1.13, J.2.1.1, J.2.1.12-14, O.1.7

standing/right to bring claim (DSU 3.7) R.5.4
 

competence of panels and AB (DSU 3.2): see also judicial economy; terms of reference of panels (DSU 7)

correct interpretation and application of covered agreements and C.3.2.2, I.3.1.3, I.3.10.9, M.2.2.4

not to add to or diminish rights and obligations (DSU 3.2/19.2) C.3.2.2

right to develop own legal reasoning including arguments not adduced by parties (jura novit curia) C.2.1-6, P.3.2.1, S.7.2.6

to clarify existing provisions C.3.1.1

outside context of resolving particular dispute S.3.4.5
 

completion of legal analysis (DSU 17.6): see competence (AB), completion of legal analysis (DSU 17.6)
 

compliance: see also General Exceptions (GATT XX), measures necessary to secure compliance with GATT-consistent measure (GATT XX(d)); implementation of recommendations and rulings of the DSB (DSU 21.3); municipal law; request for establishment of panel, requirements (DSU 6.2), compliance, importance; review of implementation of DSB rulings (DSU 21.5)

confidentiality of proceedings (DSU 17.10/18.2) C.6.2-3

international obligations M.5.1, M.5.3, M.5.5

WTO obligations, good faith/pacta sunt servanda principle M.1.5, P.3.1.9-11, S.1.42.4, ARB. 5.4.9
 

conditional appeal C.5

request for, procedure C.5.3, W.2.7A.1
 

confidentiality of proceedings (DSU 17.10/18.2): see also consultations (DSU 4), confidentiality (DSU 4.6)

applicability to individuals on Members’ delegations (including non-government employees) B.4.3-4, C.6.2

Members’ responsibility for ensuring compliance C.6.2-3

business confidential information

additional procedures, need for B.4.1-2

Procedures Governing Business Confidential Information B.4.1-2, W.2.6.3-5

closed session meetings B.4.4, C.6.3

“proceedings” C.6.1

Rules of Conduct, Art. VII:1 and, applicability to AB Members B.4.4, C.6.2, W.2.4
 

consistency and coherence in decision-making: see SPS Agreement, appropriate level of protection (SPS 5.5-5.6), consistency in application (SPS 5.5)
 

consultations (DSU 4): see also Anti-Dumping Agreement (AD), consultation and dispute settlement (AD 17)

agreed solution, possibility of C.7.5

benefits C.7.5

third parties C.7.5

clarification of issues and/opportunity to define scope of dispute C.7.5, C.7.14, C.7.18, R.2.1.12

SCM 4.3 C.7.2, R.2.4.1, S.2.17.1

confidentiality (DSU 4.6) C.7.16: see also confidentiality of proceedings (DSU 17.10/18.2)

due process, disclosure obligation C.7.1, D.2.2.4, T.6.1.3

establishment of panel, as prerequisite C.7.4, C.7.6, O.1.2, R.2.4.1-2, T.6.1.7

exceptions R.2.4.2

agreement within 60 day period that consultations have failed to settle dispute (DSU 4.7) C.7.7

party’s failure to respond to request for or enter into consultations (DSU 4.3) C.7.6, C.7.7, C.7.9

recognition of possibility (DSU 6.2) C.7.8-9

panel’s obligation to address absence of consultations C.7.10, T.6.1.4

scope of request for establishment of panel and request for consultations distinguished C.7.18

fruitfulness of resort to dispute settlement procedures (DSU 3.7) L.1.10, M.1.7, P.3.1.13

good faith requirement (DSU 3.10) L.1.10, M.1.7

measure at issue (DSU 4.4)

expired measure C.7.12-15, R.2.3.13-14, T.6.3.9-10

as identified in request for establishment of panel (DSU 6.2), need for identity with, whether C.7.2, C.7.18, R.2.3.8, S.2.17.1

measure affecting the operation of covered agreement (DSU 4.2) C.7.12, R.2.3.13, T.6.3.9

“affecting” C.7.11

measure subsequent to request for consultations C.7.4

request for (DS 4.4)

as determinant of scope C.7.16, R.2.1.12

identification of measures at issue C.7.17

notification to DSB C.7.16

writing, need for C.7.16

SCM 4.2, relationship with S.2.18.1-2
 

cost of production (AG), measurement: see also Anti-Dumping Agreement (AD), determination of dumping (AD 2), calculation of administrative, selling and general costs and profits (AD 2.2.2); payments on export of agricultural product financed by virtue of governmental action (AG 9.1(c))

average actual cost including fixed and variable costs A.1.20.8-9

disproportionate attribution of fixed costs to more remunerative market A.1.27.4-5

of products for both domestic and export markets A.1.20.9

burden of proof A.1.22.4

depreciation and A.1.22.4

equity investment A.1.22.4

GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) and A.1.22.4

marginal cost A.1.20.8

opportunity costs A.1.22.2

profits as A.1.20.8, A.1.22.2

quota costs A.1.23

“reasonable” objective methodology A.1.22.4

selling costs A.1.23
 

costs of marketing exports (AG 9.1(d))

general business costs distinguished A.1.29.1

income tax, whether A.1.29.1
 

countervailing duties (SCM, Part V)

aggregate investigation, sufficiency (SCM 19.3) S.2.27.1-2

applicable law, entry into force of WTO Agreement, relevance S.2.41.2

balance between rights and obligations relating to, need for S.2.1.1

compliance with GATT VI:3 and SCM Agreement (SCM 10) S.2.29.1, S.2.41

permissible responses to countervailable subsidy S.2.36.10

continued imposition: see review of need for continued imposition (SCM 21.2) and sunset review (SCM 21.3) below

duration (SCM 21.1) S.2.29.1, S.2.30.1

level

amount of existing subsidy, limitation to S.2.29.1, S.2.30

calculation on per unit basis S.2.28

“to the extent necessary” (SCM 21.1) S.2.29.1, S.2.30

non-discriminatory basis (SCM 19.3) S.2.27

preconditions (SCM 19.1)

benefit S.2.26.1, S.2.29.1, S.2.30.1

injury to domestic industry S.2.1.4

standard of proof (SCM 22.1) S.2.34.1

privatization, relevance S.2.31.6-7

public notice and explanation of determinations (SCM 22) S.2.34.1

as remedy to offset benefits of subsidies S.2.1.1, S.2.1.4

review of need for continued imposition (SCM 21.2) S.2.29.1, S.2.30.1, S.2.31: see also sunset review (SCM 21.3) below

burden/standard of proof S.2.31.3-4

obligatory nature S.2.31.5

sunset review (SCM 21.3)

Anti-Dumping Agreement (AD), sunset review (AD 11.3), identity of provisions A.3.63.3, I.3.3.1-2

burden/standard of proof

in case of “duly substantiated request” by domestic industry S.2.32.6

original investigation requirements (SCM 11 and 12) distinguished S.2.33, S.2.34.1

review on initiative of investigating authorities S.2.32.6-7

de minimis standard

absence of reference to, relevance I.3.3.1-2, S.2.21.2, S.2.32.2, S.2.32.5

termination of investigation provisions (SCM 11.9) distinguished S.2.21.1-3

time-bound limitation on countervailing duties (SCM 11.9) and I.3.10.10, S.2.31.5, S.2.32

original investigation requirements distinguished S.2.32.3-4, S.2.32.7, S.2.33

“likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of subsidization and injury” test (SCM 21.3) S.2.32

termination

automaticity (SCM 21.3) I.3.10.10, S.2.31.5, S.2.32

“immediately” following determination that duty no longer warranted (SCM 21.2) S.2.31.4
 

customs duties

conversion of measures to: see market access (AG 4), measures requiring conversion into ordinary customs duties (AG 4.2)

“ordinary customs duty” (AG 4.2) A.1.10.4, A.1.13.1

as preferred form of border protection A.1.7.1

transparency/predictability, significance A.1.7.1, A.1.13.1
 

customs unions and free trade areas (GATT XXIV) R.1

“duties … not on the whole higher … than the general incidence … prior to the formation of [customs] union” R.1.3

bound/applied rates distinguished R.1.3.1

“other regulations of commerce” R.1.3.1

Understanding on Article XXIV of GATT 1994 R.1.3.1

“shall not be more restrictive” R.1.3.1

elimination of duties and other trade restrictions on “substantially all” internal trade (GATT XXIV:8(a)(1)) R.1.4

flexibility R.1.4.1

“substantially” R.1.4.1

as exception to GATT provisions (GATT XXIV:5, chapeau) R.1.2.1-2

requirements

conformity with GATT XXIV: 5(a) and 8(a) R.1.2.2

necessity of measure to establishment of customs union R.1.2.2, R.1.6.1

object and purpose (GATT XXIV:4)

GATT XXIV as a whole, applicability to R.1.1.1

Understanding on Article XXIV of GATT 1994 and R.1.1.1

Safeguards Agreement (SG) and: see safeguard measures (Safeguards Agreement (SG)/GATT XIX (emergency action)), customs unions and free trade areas (GATT XXIV) exception, applicability

“substantially the same” duties and other regulations on external trade R.1.5

flexibility R.1.5.2

“substantially” R.1.5.1-2

Abbreviations used on this page